54 research outputs found

    Kalman filtering and classical time series tools for global radiation prediction

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    For nowcasting and short term forecasting of salar irradiation, the usual technics are based on machine learning predictions such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) [1], Support Vector Machines (SVM) [2], AutoRegressive–Moving-Average (ARMA) models [3], etc. A significant inconvenience of these methods is related to the large historic data set required during the training phase of the predictors; thus, in this work, we propose a simple methodology able to predict a global radiation time series without the need of historical data, making the method easily applicable for poor instrumented areas. We suggest to call these intuitive methods in the following “training-less” methods. The accuracy of these methods will be compared against other classical prediction methods, taking into account the time horizon of the prediction

    The electrical energy situation of French islands and focus on the Corsican situation

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    The present work aims to present the electrical energy situation of several French islands spread over the World. Various aspects are successively studied: repartition of energy means, renewable energy part in the production with a focus on the intermittent renewable sources, legal and financial aspect. The electrical situation of the islands is compared with the French mainland one. The electricity production cost in the islands are presented and the financial features for renewable energy in France are exposed. In a second part, a focus is realized on the Corsica Island situated in the Mediterranean Sea and partially connected to Italy. Successively, the energy mix, the objective of the new energy plan for 2023 and the renewable energy situation, present and future, are presented. Even if the integration of non-programmable renewable energy plants is more complex in small insular networks, the high cost of electricity generation in such territories encourages the introduction of wind and PV systems. The islands are good laboratories for the development of intermittent and stochastic renewable energy systems

    Comparison of automatic solar resource prediction methods for application to optimized smart grid management

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    Les enjeux relatifs Ă  la production Ă©nergĂ©tique future, notamment en termes d’utilisation de ressources locales et « propres », conduisent les producteurs d’électricitĂ© Ă  se tourner de plus en plus vers les sources renouvelables d’énergie et particuliĂšrement les sources intermittentes que sont le vent et le soleil. Le problĂšme est que leur caractĂšre intermittent et alĂ©atoire oblige les gestionnaires de rĂ©seau Ă  limiter leur intĂ©gration au mix Ă©nergĂ©tique. Il est alors nĂ©cessaire de coupler diffĂ©rents systĂšmes de production pour garantir la stabilitĂ© du rĂ©seau et la sĂ©curitĂ© des moyens de production. Afin de faciliter ces opĂ©rations de gestion et d’optimiser l’intĂ©gration des Ă©nergies renouvelables intermittentes, le solaire dans notre cas, il est nĂ©cessaire de s’intĂ©resser Ă  la prĂ©vision de la ressource. Dans le but de connaĂźtre Ă  l’avance l’énergie disponible et de permettre une gestion optimale du couplage entre systĂšmes de production conventionnels et intermittents. Au cours de cette Ă©tude, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© et Ă©tudiĂ© un large panel de modĂšles de prĂ©vision du rayonnement solaire (persistance, persistance intelligente, filtre de Kalman, ARMA, rĂ©seau de neurones, processus Gaussien, machine Ă  vecteurs de support, arbres de rĂ©gressions simples, Ă©laguĂ©s, renforcĂ©s, ensachĂ©s et forĂȘts alĂ©atoires), pour des horizons de prĂ©vision utiles aux gestionnaires de rĂ©seaux, et appliquĂ©s Ă  des donnĂ©es en provenance de diffĂ©rents sites. Ces travaux ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche Horizon 2020, le projet TILOS pour « Technology Innovation for the Local Scale Optimum Integration of Battery Energy Storage » qui consiste en l’installation d’une centrale hybride solaire, Ă©olienne et stockage par batteries NaNiCl2 sur une petite Ăźle de l’archipel du DodĂ©canĂšse. Les horizons de prĂ©vision testĂ©s sont de 1 Ă  6 heures par pas de temps horaire (6h/1h) pour les 4 sites de mesures pour la prĂ©vision du rayonnement global horizontal. Les sites sont rĂ©partis en Europe dans des zones gĂ©ographiques qui possĂšdent des climats diffĂ©rents : Ajaccio (Corse, France), Tilos (DodĂ©canĂšse, GrĂšce), Nancy (Grand Est, France) et Odeillo (Languedoc Roussillon, France). Nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© chaque site par variabilitĂ© des donnĂ©es, on entend par lĂ  leur tendance Ă  varier fortement ou non avec le temps. Les principaux rĂ©sultats de ces travaux sont que les prĂ©visions sur des donnĂ©es sur des sites Ă  faible variabilitĂ© peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©s par des modĂšles simples. Plus la variabilitĂ© est Ă©levĂ©e, plus la prĂ©vision et difficile Ă  rĂ©aliser et des modĂšles plus complexes doivent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s (basĂ©s sur l’apprentissage automatique et l’apprentissage d’ensemble) pour obtenir de meilleurs rĂ©sultats. Nous avons par ailleurs utilisĂ© une prĂ©vision probabiliste pour donner une plage de confiance de la prĂ©vision au gestionnaire de rĂ©seau. Etant donnĂ© que nous disposions de mesures des composantes directe normale et diffuse horizontale pour un des quatre sites, nous avons confrontĂ© nos modĂšles Ă  ces prĂ©visions. Il apparait que le rayonnement direct normal est difficile Ă  prĂ©voir, notamment Ă  cause de sa forte variabilitĂ©, et que les forĂȘts alĂ©atoires sont les plus probants. Enfin des modĂšles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour ĂȘtre insĂ©rĂ©s dans le systĂšme automatique de gestion de l’énergie, appliquĂ©s au rayonnement global inclinĂ©, avec un horizon de 10 minutes par pas de temps de 1 minute et un horizon de 2 heures avec des pas de temps de 10 et 15 minutes. Il apparait que les modĂšles d’apprentissage automatique donnent tous sensiblement de bons rĂ©sultats et que le choix de l’un ou l’autre sera plutĂŽt rĂ©alisĂ© en fonction des contraintes techniques et pratiques des outils.The stakes relating to future energy production, particularly in terms of the use of local and "clean" resources, are leading electricity producers to turn more and more towards renewable sources of energy and particularly intermittent sources. the wind and the sun. The problem is that their intermittent and random nature forces network operators to limit their integration into the energy mix. It is then necessary to couple different production systems to guarantee the stability of the network and the security of the means of production. In order to facilitate these management operations and to optimize the integration of intermittent renewable energies, solar energy in our case, it is necessary to focus on the forecast of the resource. In order to know in advance, the available energy and to allow an optimal management of the coupling between conventional and intermittent production systems. In this study, we have developed and studied a wide range of solar radiation prediction models (persistence, smart persistence, Kalman filter, ARMA, neural network, Gaussian process, support vector machine, simple regression trees, pruned, boosted, bagged and random forests), for forecast horizons useful to network managers, and applied to data from different sites. This work was carried out as part of a Horizon 2020 research project, the TILOS project for "Technology Innovation for the Local Scale Optimum Integration of Battery Energy Storage" which consists of the installation of a solar, wind and solar hybrid power station. NaNiCl2 battery storage on a small island in the Dodecanese archipelago. The forecast horizons tested are from 1 to 6 hours per hour time step (6h / 1h) for the 4 measurement sites for horizontal global radiation prediction. The sites are spread across Europe in geographical areas with different climates: Ajaccio (Corsica, France), Tilos (Dodecanese, Greece), Nancy (Grand Est, France) and Odeillo (Languedoc Roussillon, France). We have characterized each site by data variability, which means their tendency to vary strongly or not with time. The main results of this work are that the forecasts on data on sites with low variability can be realized by simple models. The higher the variability, the more predictive and difficult to achieve, and more complex models must be used (based on machine learning and overall learning) for better results. We also used a probabilistic forecast to give a confidence range of the forecast to the network manager. Since we have measurements of the normal and diffuse horizontal direct components for one of the four sites, we compared our models to these predictions. It appears that normal direct radiation is difficult to predict, in particular because of its high variability, and random forests are the most convincing. Finally, models have been developed to be inserted in the automatic energy management system, applied to inclined global radiation, with a horizon of 10 minutes per time step of 1 minute and a horizon of 2 hours with no time steps 10 and 15 minutes. It appears that the machine learning models all give significantly good results and that the choice of one or the other will rather be made according to the technical and practical constraints of the tools

    Comparaison de méthodes d'apprentissage automatique de prévision de la ressource solaire pour une application à une gestion optimisée des réseaux intelligents

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    The stakes relating to future energy production, particularly in terms of the use of local and "clean" resources, are leading electricity producers to turn more and more towards renewable sources of energy and particularly intermittent sources. the wind and the sun. The problem is that their intermittent and random nature forces network operators to limit their integration into the energy mix. It is then necessary to couple different production systems to guarantee the stability of the network and the security of the means of production. In order to facilitate these management operations and to optimize the integration of intermittent renewable energies, solar energy in our case, it is necessary to focus on the forecast of the resource. In order to know in advance, the available energy and to allow an optimal management of the coupling between conventional and intermittent production systems. In this study, we have developed and studied a wide range of solar radiation prediction models (persistence, smart persistence, Kalman filter, ARMA, neural network, Gaussian process, support vector machine, simple regression trees, pruned, boosted, bagged and random forests), for forecast horizons useful to network managers, and applied to data from different sites. This work was carried out as part of a Horizon 2020 research project, the TILOS project for "Technology Innovation for the Local Scale Optimum Integration of Battery Energy Storage" which consists of the installation of a solar, wind and solar hybrid power station. NaNiCl2 battery storage on a small island in the Dodecanese archipelago. The forecast horizons tested are from 1 to 6 hours per hour time step (6h / 1h) for the 4 measurement sites for horizontal global radiation prediction. The sites are spread across Europe in geographical areas with different climates: Ajaccio (Corsica, France), Tilos (Dodecanese, Greece), Nancy (Grand Est, France) and Odeillo (Languedoc Roussillon, France). We have characterized each site by data variability, which means their tendency to vary strongly or not with time. The main results of this work are that the forecasts on data on sites with low variability can be realized by simple models. The higher the variability, the more predictive and difficult to achieve, and more complex models must be used (based on machine learning and overall learning) for better results. We also used a probabilistic forecast to give a confidence range of the forecast to the network manager. Since we have measurements of the normal and diffuse horizontal direct components for one of the four sites, we compared our models to these predictions. It appears that normal direct radiation is difficult to predict, in particular because of its high variability, and random forests are the most convincing. Finally, models have been developed to be inserted in the automatic energy management system, applied to inclined global radiation, with a horizon of 10 minutes per time step of 1 minute and a horizon of 2 hours with no time steps 10 and 15 minutes. It appears that the machine learning models all give significantly good results and that the choice of one or the other will rather be made according to the technical and practical constraints of the tools.Les enjeux relatifs Ă  la production Ă©nergĂ©tique future, notamment en termes d’utilisation de ressources locales et « propres », conduisent les producteurs d’électricitĂ© Ă  se tourner de plus en plus vers les sources renouvelables d’énergie et particuliĂšrement les sources intermittentes que sont le vent et le soleil. Le problĂšme est que leur caractĂšre intermittent et alĂ©atoire oblige les gestionnaires de rĂ©seau Ă  limiter leur intĂ©gration au mix Ă©nergĂ©tique. Il est alors nĂ©cessaire de coupler diffĂ©rents systĂšmes de production pour garantir la stabilitĂ© du rĂ©seau et la sĂ©curitĂ© des moyens de production. Afin de faciliter ces opĂ©rations de gestion et d’optimiser l’intĂ©gration des Ă©nergies renouvelables intermittentes, le solaire dans notre cas, il est nĂ©cessaire de s’intĂ©resser Ă  la prĂ©vision de la ressource. Dans le but de connaĂźtre Ă  l’avance l’énergie disponible et de permettre une gestion optimale du couplage entre systĂšmes de production conventionnels et intermittents. Au cours de cette Ă©tude, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© et Ă©tudiĂ© un large panel de modĂšles de prĂ©vision du rayonnement solaire (persistance, persistance intelligente, filtre de Kalman, ARMA, rĂ©seau de neurones, processus Gaussien, machine Ă  vecteurs de support, arbres de rĂ©gressions simples, Ă©laguĂ©s, renforcĂ©s, ensachĂ©s et forĂȘts alĂ©atoires), pour des horizons de prĂ©vision utiles aux gestionnaires de rĂ©seaux, et appliquĂ©s Ă  des donnĂ©es en provenance de diffĂ©rents sites. Ces travaux ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche Horizon 2020, le projet TILOS pour « Technology Innovation for the Local Scale Optimum Integration of Battery Energy Storage » qui consiste en l’installation d’une centrale hybride solaire, Ă©olienne et stockage par batteries NaNiCl2 sur une petite Ăźle de l’archipel du DodĂ©canĂšse. Les horizons de prĂ©vision testĂ©s sont de 1 Ă  6 heures par pas de temps horaire (6h/1h) pour les 4 sites de mesures pour la prĂ©vision du rayonnement global horizontal. Les sites sont rĂ©partis en Europe dans des zones gĂ©ographiques qui possĂšdent des climats diffĂ©rents : Ajaccio (Corse, France), Tilos (DodĂ©canĂšse, GrĂšce), Nancy (Grand Est, France) et Odeillo (Languedoc Roussillon, France). Nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© chaque site par variabilitĂ© des donnĂ©es, on entend par lĂ  leur tendance Ă  varier fortement ou non avec le temps. Les principaux rĂ©sultats de ces travaux sont que les prĂ©visions sur des donnĂ©es sur des sites Ă  faible variabilitĂ© peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©s par des modĂšles simples. Plus la variabilitĂ© est Ă©levĂ©e, plus la prĂ©vision et difficile Ă  rĂ©aliser et des modĂšles plus complexes doivent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s (basĂ©s sur l’apprentissage automatique et l’apprentissage d’ensemble) pour obtenir de meilleurs rĂ©sultats. Nous avons par ailleurs utilisĂ© une prĂ©vision probabiliste pour donner une plage de confiance de la prĂ©vision au gestionnaire de rĂ©seau. Etant donnĂ© que nous disposions de mesures des composantes directe normale et diffuse horizontale pour un des quatre sites, nous avons confrontĂ© nos modĂšles Ă  ces prĂ©visions. Il apparait que le rayonnement direct normal est difficile Ă  prĂ©voir, notamment Ă  cause de sa forte variabilitĂ©, et que les forĂȘts alĂ©atoires sont les plus probants. Enfin des modĂšles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour ĂȘtre insĂ©rĂ©s dans le systĂšme automatique de gestion de l’énergie, appliquĂ©s au rayonnement global inclinĂ©, avec un horizon de 10 minutes par pas de temps de 1 minute et un horizon de 2 heures avec des pas de temps de 10 et 15 minutes. Il apparait que les modĂšles d’apprentissage automatique donnent tous sensiblement de bons rĂ©sultats et que le choix de l’un ou l’autre sera plutĂŽt rĂ©alisĂ© en fonction des contraintes techniques et pratiques des outils

    Quelques remarques sur les fleurs des Lits\ue9\ue9es n\ue9ocal\ue9doniennes (Laurac\ue9es)

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    Volume: 14Start Page: 507End Page: 51

    Les maudits

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    Why does the Gospel story pick out a culprit to betray Jesus ? Why was a traitor needed ? Why Judas ? Of what is he guilty ? Throughout the Bible, and in the Gospels in particular, one witnesses the confrontation between the inevitability of God's plan on the one hand, and the genuine uncertainty of human action on the other. The writer seeks to grasp this paradox, brought out in the Gospel story of Judas, by setting it alongside the tragedy of QEdipus. Compared with the absurd of ancient destiny, what meaning has Judas' life ?Pourquoi le rĂ©cit des Évangiles dĂ©signe-t-il un coupable qui livre JĂ©sus ? Pourquoi fallait-il un traĂźtre ? Pourquoi Judas ? Et en quoi reste-t-il coupable ? Dans toute la Bible, et en particulier dans les Évangiles, on voit s'affronter l'inĂ©ductabilitĂ© d'un dessein divin d'une part, et d'autre part la rĂ©elle contingence des actions humaines. C'est ce paradoxe, relatĂ© dans l'histoire du Judas des Évangiles, que l'auteur veut cerner en le comparant Ă  la tragĂ©die d'ƒdipe. Face Ă  l'absurde du destin antique, quel est le sens de la vie de Judas ?Stalter-Fouilloy Danielle. Les maudits. In: Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 66e annĂ©e n°4, Octobre-dĂ©cembre 1986. pp. 451-458

    Laurac\ue9es nouvelles d\u27Afrique \ue9quatoriale

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    Volume: 4Start Page: 320End Page: 33

    Laurac\ue9es nouvelles : quatre Beilschmiedia du Gabon / Fouilloy, R. ; Hall\ue9, Nicolas

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    Volume: 3Start Page: 240End Page: 24
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