Freeze–thaw cycles have minimal effect on the mineralisation of low molecular weight, dissolved organic carbon in Arctic soils

Warmer winters in Arctic regions may melt insulating snow cover and subject soils to more freeze– thaw cycles. The effect of freeze–thaw cycles on the microbial use of low molecular weight, dissolved organic carbon (LMW-DOC) is poorly understood. In this study, soils from the Arctic heath tundra, Arctic meadow tundra and a temperate grassland were frozen to -7.5 C and thawed once and three times. Subsequently, the mineralisation of 3 LMW-DOC substrates types (sugars, amino acids and peptides) was measured over an 8-day period and compared to controls which had not been frozen. This allowed the comparison of freeze–thaw effects between Arctic and temperate soil and between different substrates. The results showed that freeze–thaw cycles had no significant effect on C mineralisation in the Arctic tundra soils. In contrast, for the same intensity freeze–thaw cycles, a significant effect on C mineralisation was observed for all substrate types in the temperate soil although the response was substrate specific. Peptide and amino acid mineralisation were similarly affected by FT, whilst glucose had a different response. Further work is required to fully understand microbial use of LMW-DOC after freeze–thaw, yet these results suggest that relatively short freeze–thaw cycles have little effect on microbial use of LMW-DOC in Arctic tundra soils after thaw

Experimental Facilities Development

This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 87-1440

Low-Power Upconversion in Poly(Mannitol-Sebacate) Networks with Tethered Diphenylanthracene and Palladium Porphyrin

[EN] Efforts to fabricate low-power up converting solid-state systems have rapidly increased in the past decade because of their possible application in several fields such as bio-imaging, drug delivery, solar harvesting or displays. The synthesis of upconverting cross-linked polyester rubbers with covalently tethered chromophores is presented here. Cross-linked films were prepared by reacting a poly(mannitol- sebacate) pre-polymer with 9,10-bis(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) anthracene (DPA-(CH2OH)2) and palladium mesoporphyrin IX. These chromophores served as emitters and sensitizers, respectively, and through a cascade of photophysical events, resulted in an anti-Stokes shifted emission. Indeed, blue emission (*440 nm) of these solid materials was detected upon excitation at 543 nm with a green laser and the power dependence of integrated unconverted intensity versus excitation was examined. 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Mechanical and Shape-Memory Properties of Poly(mannitol sebacate)/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Sonseca, Á., Camarero‐Espinosa, S., Peponi, L., Weder, C., Foster, E. J., Kenny, J. M., & Giménez, E. (2014). Mechanical and shape‐memory properties of poly (mannitol sebacate)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 52(21), 3123-3133., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27367. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] Polyesters based on polyols and sebacic acid, known as poly(polyol sebacate)s (PPS), are attracting considerable attention, as their properties are potentially useful in the context of soft-tissue engineering applications. To overcome the drawback that PPSs generally display rather low strength and stiffness, we have pursued the preparation of nano composites based poly(mannitol sebacate) (PMS), a prominent example of this materials family, with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Nanocomposites were achieved in a two-step process. A soluble, low-molecular-weight PMS pre-polymer was formed via the polycondensation reaction between sebacic acid and D-mannitol. Nanocomposites with different CNC content were prepared by solution-casting and curing under vacuum using two different profiles designed to prepare materials with low and high degree of crosslinking. The as-prepared nano composites have higher stiffness and toughness than the neat PMS matrix while maintaining a high elongation at break. A highly crosslinked nanocomposite with a CNC content of 5 wt % displays a sixfold increase in Young s modulus and a fivefold improvement in toughness. Nanocomposites also exhibit a shape memory effect with a switch temperature in the range of 15 to 45 C; in particular the materials with a thermal transition in the upper part of this range are potentially useful for biomedical applicationsThe authors gratefully acknowledge financial support received from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project MAT2010/21494-C03), as well as the support of FPU grant from MED (MED-FPU; AP2009-2482), JAE-Doc grant (CSIC co-financed by FSE), Swiss National Science foundation (National Research Programme 64, Project #406440_131264/1) and the Adolphe Merkle Foundation.Sonseca, A.; Camarero-Espinosa, S.; Peponi, L.; Weder, C.; Foster, E.; Kenny, JM.; Giménez Torres, E. (2014). Mechanical and Shape-Memory Properties of Poly(mannitol sebacate)/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry. 52(21):3123-3133. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27367S312331335221Bruggeman, J. 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Acta Biomaterialia, 8(8), 2911-2918. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.026Sun, Z.-J., Wu, L., Lu, X.-L., Meng, Z.-X., Zheng, Y.-F., & Dong, D.-L. (2008). The characterization of mechanical and surface properties of poly (glycerol–sebacate–lactic acid) during degradation in phosphate buffered saline. Applied Surface Science, 255(2), 350-352. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.06.157Liu, Q., Tan, T., Weng, J., & Zhang, L. (2009). Study on the control of the compositions and properties of a biodegradable polyester elastomer. Biomedical Materials, 4(2), 025015. doi:10.1088/1748-6041/4/2/025015SUNDBACK, C., SHYU, J., WANG, Y., FAQUIN, W., LANGER, R., VACANTI, J., & HADLOCK, T. (2005). Biocompatibility analysis of poly(glycerol sebacate) as a nerve guide material. Biomaterials, 26(27), 5454-5464. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.004Sun, Z.-J., Chen, C., Sun, M.-Z., Ai, C.-H., Lu, X.-L., Zheng, Y.-F., … Dong, D.-L. (2009). The application of poly (glycerol–sebacate) as biodegradable drug carrier. 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The High Resolution K600 Spectrometer

This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY-931478

The Asymptotic D- to S-State Ratio for 3-He

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 81-14339 and by Indiana Universit

Analyzing Powers for Deuteron-Induced Reactions Leading to Continuum Final States

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 78-22774 A02 & A03 and by Indiana Universit

The High Resolution K600 Spectrometer

This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 87-1440

Study of the 3-Nucleon System: d+p Breakup Measurements at E_d = 80 MeV

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 81-14339 and by Indiana Universit

Reaction Mechanism Implications of Deuteron Rainbow Scattering

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 78-22774 A02 & A03 and by Indiana Universit