Two new species of Abelocephala (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Taiwan

Forthman, Michael (2021): Two new species of Abelocephala (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 4920 (2): 278-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.

Abelocephala yilanensis Forthman 2021, sp. nov.

<i>Abelocephala yilanensis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 10–16)</p> <p> DIAGNOSIS: Males recognized among other species of <i>Abelocephala</i> by the head (including collum) about 1.2 times longer than wide, visible labial segment I longer than II, anterior pronotal lobe medial length about 0.4 times that of the posterior pronotal lobe, acutely angled apex of the distal M+Cu cell of the hemelytron, and overall shape of the medial pygophore process. This species closely resembles the macropterous males of <i>A. albula</i> (Fig. 3), which can be distinguished from one another by the dimensions of the head and pronotum (<i>A albula</i> head length:width, 1.4 or greater; anterior pronotal lobe:posterior pronotal lobe medial length, 0.6) and the straight medial pygophore process in lateral view (posteriorly curved in lateral view in <i>A. albula</i>).</p> <p> DESCRIPTION: Small body size (length [with/without hemelytra]: 4.45/ 3.23 mm, holotype). COLORATION (Fig. 10): Body yellow-brown, except: head, anterior pronotal lobe, scutellum, and base of hemelytron along the anterior margin dark brown; integument of scapus, pedicellus, and legs yellow-brown but appear a slightly darker shade of brown due to dark brown vestiture; basi- and distiflagellomeres and longitudinal line parallel between posterior margin of hemelytron and distal 1A vein gray-whitish; corial cell suffused with fuscous coloration, much like the hemelytral membrane; and membrane with dark brown spots at base of distal M, Cu, and 1A veins, with rest of veins brown except paler distal R and M veins; remainder of corial veins and ventral body surface orangebrown; acetabula and tarsi pale yellow. VESTITURE (Fig. 10): Head, anterior pronotal lobe, marginal areas of thoracic pleura, thoracic sterna, scutellum, and base of ventral abdomen densely covered with dark brown bulbous trichomes interspersed with paler suberect short and long setae; similar setation on scapus, pedicellus, and legs but not as dense; labium and corial veins with sparse pale yellow to brown long and short suberect setae; lateral and posterior margins of the abdomen, including posterior margin of abdominal sternite VII with numerous brown long and short suberect and decumbent setae; remainder of abdominal venter with sparse, short, suberect pale setation. Scapus and pedicellus with setae up to three times the diameter of the corresponding antennal segment. STRUCTURE: <i>HEAD</i> (Figs. 10–12): Largely obscured by vestiture; ovoid head shape; about as long as wide; slightly shorter than pronotum; anteocular and postocular regions subequal in length; postocular region moderately broad in dorsal view; synthlipsis about 2.5 times width of eye; antennal shield not concealing antennal insertion in lateral view; eyes large, reniform, not reaching dorsal and ventral margins of head; gula flat, with glabrous c-shaped region; first visible labial segment reaching posterior eye margin, about 1.3 times longer than second visible labial segment; third visible labial segment very short; scapus and pedicellus subequal in length. <i>THORAX</i>: Pronotum (Figs. 10, 11) wider than long; anterior pronotal lobe obscured by vestiture, about 0.6 times as wide and 0.4/0.5 (medial/greatest) times as long as posterior pronotal lobe; posterior pronotal lobe smooth; medial longitudinal depression of pronotum wider posteriorly, not reaching the posterior margin; lateral depressions distinct on posterior pronotal lobe, smooth; pleura smooth; prosternal stridulatory process very wide; meso- and metasterna obscured by vestiture; legs slender, unarmed; hemelytron (Figs. 10, 13) about 1.8 times as long as wide, exceeding apex of abdomen by almost 0.3 times its length; distal part of R vein faintly present but not forming R+M cell; base of distal M+Cu cell as wide as distal Cu+1A cell; distal M+Cu cell acutely angled apically, with M vein not extending beyond apical junction of cell. <i>ABDOMEN</i> (Fig. 10): Apex rounded; tergites obscured by hemelytron; ventral intersegmental sutures obsolete (sternites fused); sternites medially flat; spiracles small, round, positioned near ventral laterotergite. <i>GENITALIA</i> (Figs. 14–16): Medial pygophore process relatively broad and as long as wide in dorsal view, wide and relatively straight in lateral view, directed dorsoposteriad, with apex subtruncate; paramere basally narrow; apical two-thirds wide and strongly curved inwards, with rounded, inwardly projected apex in dorsal view; basal plate without discernable bridge; basal plate extension shorter than basal plate; dorsal phallothecal sclerite subtruncate at apex; endosomal struts subparallel, slightly wider at midlength, distinctly constricted at apical fourth with apex wider than constricted area, reaching apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite; endosomal struts-dorsal phallothecal sclerite fusion area slightly more sclerotized, ovate.</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS: Male holotype: total length with hemelytra 4.45, without hemelytra 3.23; head length without neck 0.59, with neck 0.69; head width across eyes 0.56; anteocular region 0.18; postocular region 0.21; synthlipsis width 0.31; length of first visible labial segment 0.46; length of second visible labial segment 0.36; scapus length 0.67; pedicellus length 0.66; anterior pronotal lobe greatest length 0.29, medial length 0.22, greatest width 0.66; posterior pronotal lobe greatest length 0.56, medial length 0.52, greatest width, 1.06; scutellar length 0.28, width 0.40; hemelytral length 3.14, greatest width 1.73; abdominal length 1.54, width 1.4.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet, an adjective, is based on Yilan County of Taiwan where the holotype was collected.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan.</p> <p> HOLOTYPE: MALE: <b>TAIWAN:</b> Yilan County; Datong township.; roadside drainage valley; 24.648°N, 121.569°E; 250m; 9–16.vi.2019; Malaise Trap; AD Young, SL Winterton, Bill Wu; CSCA19 L414.</p>Published as part of <i>Forthman, Michael, 2021, Two new species of Abelocephala (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Taiwan, pp. 278-286 in Zootaxa 4920 (2)</i> on pages 283-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.8, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4475288">http://zenodo.org/record/4475288</a&gt

Systematic Research on the Millipede Assassin Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

The predominantly circumtropical millipede assassin bugs (Ectrichodiinae) comprise the fifth largest subfamily of Reduviidae with 736 described species in 121 genera. Ectrichodiinae appear to be specialized millipede predators and stand out among other Reduviidae in the high proportions of aposematically colored and sexually dimorphic species. These phenomena make Ectrichodiinae an attractive group for ecological, behavioral, and evolutionary research, but is hindered by a lack of thorough taxonomic treatments and phylogenetic hypotheses. This dissertation improves our knowledge of Ectrichodiinae life history, diversity, and phylogeny by: 1) reviewing Ectrichodiinae predatory behaviors and supplementing this with field observations; 2) revising the Madagascan fauna; 3) investigating historical biogeographic patterns of Madagascan Ectrichodiinae; and 4) constructing the most comprehensive Ectrichodiinae+ Tribelocephalinae phylogeny to study the evolution of aposematic coloration and sexual dimorphism. (1) About 2% of Ectrichodiinae species are documented to prey on juliform and, to a lesser extent, polydesmid millipedes. The majority of observations suggest that immatures typically exhibit communal predation, while adults usually engage in solitary predation. (2) The taxonomic monograph includes description of 63 new species and three new genera of endemic Madagascan Ectrichodiinae, as well as redescriptions and synonymies of previously described taxa. (3) Madagascan Ectrichodiinae do not form a monophyletic group, with lineages exhibiting close relationships with Oriental or Afrotropical taxa. Ectrichodiinae colonized Madagascar in the last 68 my via transoceanic dispersal at least twice from the Oriental region and once from the Afrotropical region; a single out-of-Madagascar dispersal event to the Afrotropical region is recovered in some analyses. Dispersal between these regions were likely facilitated by islands and/or ocean currents. (4) Ectrichodiinae are not monophyletic with respect to Tribelocephalinae. Aposematic coloration evolved from a cryptic ancestor early in the evolutionary history of Ectrichodiinae+Tribelocephalinae, with subsequent reversals and regains. A positive association between the prevalence of aposematic coloration and body length is recovered when phylogenetic logistic regressions are conducted on ultrametric trees, but is not supported when phylograms are used. Extreme sexual dimorphism is shown to evolve multiple times from a more limited condition. Based on phylogenetic results, a new Ectrichodiinae classification is proposed

Systematic Research on the Millipede Assassin Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

The predominantly circumtropical millipede assassin bugs (Ectrichodiinae) comprise the fifth largest subfamily of Reduviidae with 736 described species in 121 genera. Ectrichodiinae appear to be specialized millipede predators and stand out among other Reduviidae in the high proportions of aposematically colored and sexually dimorphic species. These phenomena make Ectrichodiinae an attractive group for ecological, behavioral, and evolutionary research, but is hindered by a lack of thorough taxonomic treatments and phylogenetic hypotheses. This dissertation improves our knowledge of Ectrichodiinae life history, diversity, and phylogeny by: 1) reviewing Ectrichodiinae predatory behaviors and supplementing this with field observations; 2) revising the Madagascan fauna; 3) investigating historical biogeographic patterns of Madagascan Ectrichodiinae; and 4) constructing the most comprehensive Ectrichodiinae+ Tribelocephalinae phylogeny to study the evolution of aposematic coloration and sexual dimorphism. (1) About 2% of Ectrichodiinae species are documented to prey on juliform and, to a lesser extent, polydesmid millipedes. The majority of observations suggest that immatures typically exhibit communal predation, while adults usually engage in solitary predation. (2) The taxonomic monograph includes description of 63 new species and three new genera of endemic Madagascan Ectrichodiinae, as well as redescriptions and synonymies of previously described taxa. (3) Madagascan Ectrichodiinae do not form a monophyletic group, with lineages exhibiting close relationships with Oriental or Afrotropical taxa. Ectrichodiinae colonized Madagascar in the last 68 my via transoceanic dispersal at least twice from the Oriental region and once from the Afrotropical region; a single out-of-Madagascar dispersal event to the Afrotropical region is recovered in some analyses. Dispersal between these regions were likely facilitated by islands and/or ocean currents. (4) Ectrichodiinae are not monophyletic with respect to Tribelocephalinae. Aposematic coloration evolved from a cryptic ancestor early in the evolutionary history of Ectrichodiinae+Tribelocephalinae, with subsequent reversals and regains. A positive association between the prevalence of aposematic coloration and body length is recovered when phylogenetic logistic regressions are conducted on ultrametric trees, but is not supported when phylograms are used. Extreme sexual dimorphism is shown to evolve multiple times from a more limited condition. Based on phylogenetic results, a new Ectrichodiinae classification is proposed

Supporting information 6

<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>BayesTraits MultiState ML ancestral state reconstruction of colour character 2 on the ML phylogram (tree converted to cladogram for visual). Terminal taxa coded as cryptic or uniform metallic (black) or aposematic or aposematic and metallic (blue). Pie charts at select nodes show probability values from the ML reconstruc- tions; branches are coloured to reflect the highest probability of a colour state at that branch. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div

Rhiginia bimaculata Breddin 1914

&lt;i&gt;Rhiginia bimaculata&lt;/i&gt; Breddin, 1914 &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 1&ndash;9)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Morphological remarks.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia bimaculata&lt;/i&gt; is a moderately sized species (15&ndash;16 mm), and the images of the male holotype presented by Gil-Santana (2019) (wrongly labeled as female holotype in his Fig. 1 caption) and provided by SDEI for the present study (Figs. 1&ndash;6) match Breddin&rsquo;s (1914) description of the color: the specimen is largely dark brown to black, with the dorsum of the head, pronotum (except two small paramedial and two lateral black spots on the transverse sulcus), and base of the corium orangish. The connexivum also has a very narrow yellow to orange margin on the dorsal surface, but it is entirely yellow to orange on the ventral surface. It is unclear to what extent this color pattern may vary. The head appears somewhat subrectangular, with a very elevated clypeus somewhat rounded at the median portion and a slightly convex frons in lateral view. The ocelli are separated from one another by a little more than the diameter of an ocellus and occupy half to two-thirds of the ocellar tubercle in lateral view (Figs. 1, 3&ndash;4). The pronotum has a medially concaved anterior margin and rounded, almost indiscernible, anterolateral protuberances. The anterior lobe is approximately half the length of the posterior lobe, the medial longitudinal sulcus is very shallow near the anterior margin, and the transverse sulcus lacks deep paramedial punctations (Fig. 1). Additionally, the hemelytra (Fig. 1) ends just before the apex of the abdomen, the inner discal cell (Cu+1A cell) in the membrane is subrectangular, and the proximal margin of the Cu+1A membranal cell is about twice that of the outer discal membranal cell (M+Cu cell). Abdominal sternite II has longitudinal ridges medially (Fig. 2). The coloration in the female (Figs. 7&ndash;9) is similar to the male holotype. In the female, the anterior pronotal lobe is subequal in length to the posterior lobe, and the hemelytra do not surpass the anterior margin of tergite VII. Additionally, the female appears to have a more ovate or globular head, strongly convex frons above the eyes, slightly elevated clypeus, and smaller ocelli that are separated by more than the diameter of an ocellus and that occupy less area on the ocellar tubercle.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Breddin&rsquo;s (1914) short original description is dominated with information on color patterns, appears to be based on a single male specimen, lacks illustrations, and includes very little information on structural characters. After Breddin&rsquo;s (1914) description, &lt;i&gt;R. bimaculata&lt;/i&gt; was only cited in catalogs and checklists (Gil-Santana 2019). Gil-Santana (2019), however, presented a photograph of the dorsal habitus of the male holotype of &lt;i&gt;R. bimaculata&lt;/i&gt;, the first figure presented of this species in the literature despite its large geographical distribution (Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador). Given that we only have a single female specimen in our possession, in addition to images of the male holotype, there is a need for a more comprehensive examination of specimens to re-describe &lt;i&gt;R. bimaculata&lt;/i&gt; and document more structural features and color variation to facilitate accurate identification of this species.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined. Holotype: &ndash;&lt;/b&gt; Palmar&ndash; / (Ecuad.) / R. Haensch S. // &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia&lt;/i&gt; / &lt;i&gt;bimaculata / Breddin&lt;/i&gt; // Typus // Holotypus // Col. / Breddin // DEI Hemimetabola / # 100198 (1 &male;) (SDEI). &lt;b&gt;Other specimen material:&lt;/b&gt; HONDURAS: / Atlantida &ndash; Aug 12, / 2006 Bonta-Wells // &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia bimaculata&lt;/i&gt; / (Breddin, 1914) / det. M. Forthman 2020 (1 &female;) (CSCA).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Forthman, Michael &amp; Gil-Santana, Hélcio R., 2021, Two new species of Rhiginia Stål, 1859, with taxonomical notes on species in the " cruciata-group " of this genus and an updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), pp. 201-234 in Zootaxa 4952 (2)&lt;/i&gt; on page 203, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4952.2.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4673935"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/4673935&lt;/a&gt

Rhiginia cinctiventris

&lt;i&gt;Rhiginia cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; (St&aring;l, 1872) &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 10&ndash;33)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Morphological remarks&lt;/b&gt;. Males of &lt;i&gt;R. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; have a subquadrate head with a relatively flat frons above the eyes (Figs. 12, 16, 20, 28, 30), which distinguishes it from males of most other species of the &lt;i&gt;cruciata&lt;/i&gt; -group that have a more ovate or globular head shape and/or a distinctly convex frons in lateral view; only &lt;i&gt;R. lourdesae&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; shares a similar head shape. The clypeus is moderately elevated, the eyes are large and oval in lateral view, and the large ocelli are separate by a distance less than or slightly more than the diameter of an ocellus and occupy about three-fourths of the ocellar tubercle in lateral view (Figs. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28&ndash;30). The anterior pronotal lobe is about half the length of the posterior lobe (Figs. 10, 14, 18, 26). Further structural features, which also distinguish male &lt;i&gt;R. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;i&gt;R. lourdesae&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt;, are provided in the diagnosis of the latter species. Females (Figs. 22&ndash;24) have a more ovate or globular head shape, a convex frons in lateral view, smaller ocelli and eyes, a more protuberant ventrolateral postocular region, the anterior pronotal lobe approximately half the length of the posterior lobe, and the hemelytra reaching the middle of tergite VII. This species is known to have a high degree of color variation that has not been observed in other species of the &lt;i&gt;cruciata&lt;/i&gt; -group (see discussion below for further details).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; St&aring;l (1872) described &lt;i&gt;Ectrichodia cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; based on males and females from Texas, USA, and reported the total length of this species as 18&ndash;20 mm. The species was considered close to &lt;i&gt;R. cruciata&lt;/i&gt;, but is distinguished by the larger body size, structure of some portions of the head, and coloration, such as the smaller dark markings on the sulci of the pronotum. Only the NHRS (&ldquo;Mus. Holm.&rdquo;) was recorded as the depository of the type specimens (St&aring;l 1872). In NHRS, there are currently eight syntypes of this species (Gunvi Lindberg, pers. comm.), four of which were photographed for this study (Figs. 10&ndash;25). Soon after its description, Uhler (1875) argued that specimens of &lt;i&gt;E. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; vary extraordinarily in size and color, as well as contributing new distribution data (New Mexico [USA] and Mexico). Champion (1899) examined nine males of &lt;i&gt;E. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt;, including one syntype, and stated that it would perhaps be an extreme form of the very variable &lt;i&gt;E. crudelis&lt;/i&gt; (= &lt;i&gt;R. crudelis&lt;/i&gt;), from which it would differ by having larger eyes that are more prominent in the male and the sides of the head a little more rapidly converging posteriorly in the males. The species remained in &lt;i&gt;Ectrichodia&lt;/i&gt; Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1825 by Lethierry &amp; Severin (1896), Banks (1910), and Fracker (1912), until the current combination, &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt;, was presented by Van Duzee (1916) and followed by subsequent authors (e.g., Van Duzee 1917; Wygodzinsky 1949; Froeschner 1988; Maldonado 1990; Dougherty 1995; Baena &amp; Sus&iacute;n 2007). The aforementioned authors recorded USA and Mexico as the geographical distribution of &lt;i&gt;R. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt;, except Dougherty (1995) also included El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; As for many other species in the &lt;i&gt;cruciata&lt;/i&gt; -group, the description of this species is primarily based on color patterns. St&aring;l&rsquo;s (1872) description of &lt;i&gt;R. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; did highlight color variation on the abdomen, and this has been observed in many specimens distributed throughout much of the US and Mexico. Populations in these areas are dark brown-black, except for the sanguineous dorsal surface of the head and neck, pronotum (except black fascia on the sulci), base of the corium, and connexival margin. The black markings of the pronotum may be more extensive, reduced to spots, or nearly absent (e.g., see Figs. 10, 14, 18, 22, 26). The abdominal sternites may have large medial or paramedial dark orange patches (may be absent) (e.g., see Figs. 11&ndash;12, 15&ndash;16, 19&ndash;20, 23&ndash;24, 27&ndash;28). The sanguineous coloration may also range from yellow-orange to brown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; In her dissertation, Dougherty (1980) also briefly described a second color variant of &lt;i&gt;R. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; from the southwestern US, which much of the head and pronotum are dark brown-black (Figs. 32&ndash;33). While Dougherty&rsquo;s (1980) description of this variant was never formally published in peer-reviewed journals, many North American entomologists have continued to treat these populations as a color variant of &lt;i&gt;R. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt;. Despite the very distinctive color differences, there are not many obvious morphological differences between southwestern US populations and the more geographically distributed color variant that closely matches St&aring;l&rsquo;s (1872) original description; specimens matching St&aring;l&rsquo;s (1872) description have the ocelli separated by a distance subequal to the diameter of an ocellus (about half the width of an ocellus in southwestern US populations described by Dougherty [1980]) and the anterior margin of the pronotum is distinctly concaved medially (straight to slightly concaved in southwestern US populations) (Figs. 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 29, 32). Given the lack of many more obvious structural differences, we refrain from treating the southwestern US populations as a distinct species and recognize that molecular data will be particularly useful to confirm hypotheses on the species limits of &lt;i&gt;R. cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sexual dimorphism in the shape of the head was documented by St&aring;l (1872) in male and female syntypes collected from Texas, USA. According to St&aring;l (1872), females also have a less distinct medial longitudinal sulcus on the pronotum, however, based on the type images, this may be subtle. Thus, this species appears to exhibit relatively limited sexual dimorphism (Figs. 10&ndash;25).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Biology.&lt;/b&gt; This species has been reported to feed on millipedes (Diplopoda) in the orders Spirobolida and Polydesmida in Costa Rica (Forthman &amp; Weirauch 2012), which is the first published instance of millipede feeding in &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Type material:&lt;/b&gt; Texas // &lt;i&gt;Belfrage&lt;/i&gt; // &lt;i&gt;Ectrichodia / cinctiventris / St&aring;l&lt;/i&gt; // Typus // NHRS-GULI / 000000172 (1 &male;) (NHRS). Texas // &lt;i&gt;Belfrage&lt;/i&gt; // Allotypus // NHRS-GULI / 000008172 (1 &female;) (NHRS). Texas // &lt;i&gt;Belfrage.&lt;/i&gt; // Paratypus // NHRS-GULI / 000008173 (1 &male;) (NHRS). Texas // &lt;i&gt;Belfrage.&lt;/i&gt; // Paratypus // NHRS-GULI / 000008174 (1 &male;) (NHRS). &lt;b&gt;Other specimen material:&lt;/b&gt; USA: AZ: Cochise Co., San / Bernardino NWR, central flat / areas; 31.341 -109.272, / 1150 m, - 19-20. VII.2020 / EE &amp; KA Williams, lantern // &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; / (St&aring;l, 1872) / det. M. Forthman 2020 (1 &male;) (CSCA). USA: AZ: Cochise Co., / Leslie Canyon NWR Trail / 31.588 -109.513, 1415 m / 20-21. VII.2020 / EE &amp; KA Williams, lantern // &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; / (St&aring;l, 1872) / det. M. Forthman 2020 (1 &male;) (CSCA). MEXICO: Durango / Rodeo VII- 22-1982 / Fred G. Andrews / blacklight // &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia cinctiventris&lt;/i&gt; / (St&aring;l, 1872) / det. M. Forthman 2020 (1 &male;) (CSCA).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Forthman, Michael &amp; Gil-Santana, Hélcio R., 2021, Two new species of Rhiginia Stål, 1859, with taxonomical notes on species in the " cruciata-group " of this genus and an updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), pp. 201-234 in Zootaxa 4952 (2)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 205-206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4952.2.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4673935"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/4673935&lt;/a&gt

Supporting information 2

Character matrix for colour characters and male body length in nexus format for ASRs

Rhiginia crucifera

&lt;i&gt;Rhiginia crucifera&lt;/i&gt; (St&aring;l, 1872) &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 40&ndash;43)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Morphological remarks&lt;/b&gt;. This species has a moderately large body size (15 mm) for &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia&lt;/i&gt;. Our material for this species was limited to images of the male paratype of &lt;i&gt;R. crucifera&lt;/i&gt; (Figs. 40&ndash;42), which matches the color patterns described by St&aring;l (1872): the body is dark brown-black, with the ocellar tubercle, two large spots between the eyes, and the anterior pronotal lobe (except at the margins and along the sulci) yellow-brown; the entire posterior pronotal lobe (including the longitudinal sulcus), base of the hemelytra, three irregular spots on or near the veins at the corium-membrane boundary, and the abdomen (except medially on syntergites I and II, sternite II except laterally, and pygophore) orange-red to sanguineous; the antennae and legs are brown. Previous descriptions of &lt;i&gt;R. crucifera&lt;/i&gt; have not discussed color variation, and it remains unclear to what extent color patterns may deviate from the type specimen. The images reveal a relatively ovate head, convex frons, and moderately large ocelli that are separated by a distance subequal to the diameter of an ocellus and that occupy up to half of the ocellar tubercle in lateral view (Figs. 40, 42). While the clypeus is largely obscured by the antennae in lateral view of the paratype, it may be more elevated than that seen in &lt;i&gt;R. crudelis&lt;/i&gt; (a feature included in St&aring;l&rsquo;s [1872] differential diagnosis between these two species). The anterior pronotal lobe is approximately half the length of the posterior lobe, and the anterolateral protuberances of the anterior pronotal lobe are slightly prominent and rounded (best observed in Fig. 41). While spread apart in the type, the hemelytra appear to reach the apex of the abdomen (or at least surpass the anterior margin of tergite VII) and have a subrectangular Cu+1A cell in the membrane (Fig. 40). The proximal margin of the Cu+1A membranal cell is about twice that of the M+Cu membranal cell (Fig. 40).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ectrichodia crucifera&lt;/i&gt; was described based on male (Figs. 40&ndash;43) and brachypterous (hemelytra extending to approximately the midportion of abdomen) female specimens from Mexico. St&aring;l (1872) considered this species to be very close to &lt;i&gt;E. crudelis&lt;/i&gt;, while listing color patterns and two subtle structural traits to distinguish the two. Champion (1899) considered &lt;i&gt;E. crucifera&lt;/i&gt; as a junior synonym of &lt;i&gt;E. crudelis&lt;/i&gt;, describing it as a variation of the latter using one of the characteristics stated by St&aring;l (1872) as distinctive of &lt;i&gt;E. crucifera&lt;/i&gt;, i.e., the darkened longitudinal and transverse sulci of the pronotum (Fig. 40). Champion (1899) did not include discussion of structural similarities to support this taxonomic act. Subsequent authors, however, have considered the species valid under the current combination, &lt;i&gt;Rhiginia crucifera&lt;/i&gt; (Wygodzinsky 1949; Maldonado 1990; Dougherty 1995; Baena &amp; Sus&iacute;n 2007). Almost all the aforementioned authors cite the geographical distribution of &lt;i&gt;R. crucifera&lt;/i&gt; as Mexico, while Dougherty (1995) only listed Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. It is evident that more specimen material is required to re-describe &lt;i&gt;R. crucifera&lt;/i&gt;, in which we highlight the need for more documentation of structural characters, as well as color variation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Paratype&lt;/b&gt;: Mexico / &lt;i&gt;Boucard&lt;/i&gt; // &lt;i&gt;crucifer / St&aring;l&lt;/i&gt; // Paratypus // &lt;i&gt;Ectrichodia&lt;/i&gt; / &lt;i&gt;crucifer&lt;/i&gt; / &lt;i&gt;St&aring;l&lt;/i&gt; // NHRS-GULI / 000000175 (1 &male;) (NHRS).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Forthman, Michael &amp; Gil-Santana, Hélcio R., 2021, Two new species of Rhiginia Stål, 1859, with taxonomical notes on species in the " cruciata-group " of this genus and an updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), pp. 201-234 in Zootaxa 4952 (2)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 212-213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4952.2.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4673935"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/4673935&lt;/a&gt

Supporting information 6.

BayesTraits MultiState ML ancestral state reconstruction of colour character 2 on the ML phylogram (tree converted to cladogram for visual). Terminal taxa coded as cryptic or uniform metallic (black) or aposematic or aposematic and metallic (blue). Pie charts at select nodes show probability values from the ML reconstruc- tions; branches are coloured to reflect the highest probability of a colour state at that branch