Structure emerges faster during cultural transmission in children than in adults

How does children’s limited processing capacity affect cultural transmission of complex information? We show that over the course of iterated reproduction of two-dimensional random dot patterns transmission accuracy increased to a similar extent in 5- to 8-year-old children and adults whereas algorithmic complexity decreased faster in children. Thus, children require more structure to render complex inputs learnable. In line with the Less-Is-More hypothesis, we interpret this as evidence that children’s processing limitations affecting working memory capacity and executive control constrain the ability to represent and generate complexity, which, in turn, facilitates emergence of structure. This underscores the importance of investigating the role of children in the transmission of complex cultural traits

The zwitterion 1-butylimidazolium-3- (n-butanesulfonate)

The mol&shy;ecule of the title compound, C11H20N2O3S, contains a positively charged imidazolium head group and a negatively charged sulfonate tethered together by a four-carbon chain. There is weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding within the structure between the sulfonate O atoms and the H atoms of the imidazolium ring. The sulfonate group causes a twisting of the butyl chain and a decrease in the dihedral angle between the second and third carbon chain compared to the unsubstituted butyl group.<br /

Scaling Self-Similar Formulation of the String Equations of the Hermitian Matrix Model

The string equation appearing in the double scaling limit of the Hermitian one--matrix model, which corresponds to a Galilean self--similar condition for the KdV hierarchy, is reformulated as a scaling self--similar condition for the Ur--KdV hierarchy. A non--scaling limit analysis of the one--matrix model has led to the complexified NLS hierarchy and a string equation. We show that this corresponds to the Galilean self--similarity condition for the AKNS hierarchy and also its equivalence to a scaling self--similar condition for the Heisenberg ferromagnet hierarchy.Comment: 12 pages in AMS-LaTeX, AMS-LaTeXable versio

Photo- and solvatochromic properties of nitrobenzospiropyran in ionic liquids containing the [NTf2]- anion

The photo-, thermo- and solvatochromic properties of 2,3-dihydro-10,30,30-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro- [1-benzopyran-2,20-1H-indole] (BSP-NO2) were studied in ILs containing the anion [NTf2]- by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, ab initio molecular orbital theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It was found that the kinetics and thermodynamics of the BSP-NO2 MC (merocyanine) equilibrium was sensitive to the nature of the cation. It was also observed that the imidazolium cation can form a through-space orbital interaction with the MC isomer, rather than a simple electrostatic interaction, thus preventing the MC conversion back to the BSP-NO2 isomer. The BSP-NO2 MC equilibrium thus serves as a model system for studying modes of interaction of the cations in ionic liquids

N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate salts : Ionic liquid properties and plastic crystal behaviour

A series of N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate salts were synthesised and characterised. The thermophysical characteristics of this family of salts have been investigated with respect to potential use as ionic liquids and solid electrolytes. N-Methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate (p1,4NfO) has the lowest melting point of the family, at 94 &deg;C. Electrochemical analysis of p1,4 NfO in the liquid state shows an electrochemical window of ~6 V. All compounds exhibit one or more solid&ndash;solid transitions at sub-ambient temperatures, indicating the existence of plastic crystal phases.<br /

Economic and social development in the Cycladic Islands, 1000 - 480 BCE

This thesis seeks to understand how economic and social development occurred in the Cycladic Islands between the end of the Bronze Age and the Persian Wars, 1000 – 480 BCE. The longue durée of the examination sets the remarkable 8th to 6th century Iron Age development of economic and social institutions into a diachronic context. A comprehensive set of archaeologically attested evidence from each island and each site was evaluated. This work fills a gap in scholarship as a synthetic analysis of the Iron Age Cycladic islands has not been done previously. The examination begins with the preceding Late Bronze Age palace- based social and economic systems with specific attention paid to associated trade routes. Following the end of the Bronze Age, an apparently uniformly low level of population across the islands was barely able to scratch out an existence in the 12ᵗʰ and 11ᵗʰ centuries. Beginning in the 10ᵗʰ century, evidence suggests that over the following centuries, on many of the islands, significant economic surpluses and robust social systems were generated. On other islands, evidence of complex development is not apparent. The trade routes and social structures of the Early Iron Age appear to bear little resemblance to those of the Late Bronze Age suggesting something different developed in the aftermath. This examination traces those developments throughout the archipelago on an island by island basis, noting changes in the material culture, social structure, technological innovations, and evidence of entrepreneurial enterprise that, in combination, led to the creation of economic surpluses. An analysis of the contributions of phoros to the Delian League shows that individual islands were assessed at different levels. This suggests that a range of economic strategies were pursued by the islands’ inhabitants, some proving more successful than others. The development of successful economic enterprises is but one of a series of developments during the period and needs to be examined in a broad context that considers coterminous social development. The most successful economic strategies suggest a paradigm that perhaps can be applied to understand other societies’ rocesses of regeneration following societal collapses in other places and periods

Study of Property Tax Assessment in Stillwater, Oklahoma

Economic