REDUCTION OF FAECAL MICROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS IN DIFFERENT COMPOST TOILETS

Large variations in numbers of faecal indicator bacteria were found irrespective of the storage time of collected human faeces. Little heat seemed generated from composting processes when bin units were stored locally in households. The low reduction in microbiological parameters and very limited temperature increase were generally corroborated by the results obtained in experiment 2 when pathogen indicators were added to thoroughly mixed faecal matter. Even though Salmonella died of rapidly the other faecal bacterial indicators survived in large numbers. We conclude, that the collection and storage of human faeces in the closed plastic bins studied here is associated with only little temperature increase and subsequent reduction in faecal bacterial indicators and pathogens. Thus, the bin units do not seem especially suitable for composting and hygienisation of human faece

Income support systems, labour supply incentives and employment – some cross-country evidence

This paper summarizes a set of expert reports commissioned by the IFAU. The expert reports cover Estonia, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These countries represent range of welfare states, both in terms of scope and design. And in each country there are interesting experiences from which other countries may learn. The overall objective is to identify policy tools that help generate sustained increases in employment in the long run. Therefore, we focus on policies that improve the incentives for labour force participation and reduce the barriers to participation.Labour force participation; employment; income support; long-run sustainability

Spatial Industrial Dynamics - An Empirical Test of the Lead-Lag Model

One fundamental hypothesis within the field of spatial industrial dynamics is the idea that in most countries it is possible to identify a limited number of leading urban regions. They keep their lead by continuously initiating, imitating and developing activities that over time to a substantial degree tend to diffuse to other locations in a hierarchy of functional urban regions. There are a number of forces that might propel diffusion processes of this kind. One force often mentioned in the literature is the maturing of products and industries that makes them less dependent upon the external economies offered by the large urban regions. Another force is the change in the type and the organisation of production taking place over time in the non-leading regions, which, for example, produce an increased demand for producer services. A third force worth mentioning is the secular rise in the real incomes in non-leading regions which give rise to an increased demand for various consumer services due to an income elas-ticity of demand greater than one. Given the above hypothesis a number of questions may be formulated: Is it possible to docu-ment these kinds of decentralisation processes? If so, what are their characteristics? How rapid are they? What differences are there between different products, different industries, different technologies, and so on? Are the follower regions catching up over time? The purpose of this paper is to analyse the spatial behaviour of a specific aggregate of private industries, namely urban growth industries, in Sweden during the period 1993-1998. Urban growth industries are defined in this paper as private industries in which the leading urban region in Sweden - the Stockholm region - specialise and that exhibit rapid growth in the rest of the country. The choice to analyse this group of industries are motivated by the hypothesis that it is this group of industries that has the largest potential for decentralisation of produc-tion and employment in the near future.

Swedish youth labour market policies revisited

The paper studies the efficiency of Swedish labour market policies for young workers. Using age discontinuities which define which policy regime an individual is covered by we present quasi-experimental evidence on the relative efficiency of different policy regimes currently in use. Results suggest that youth policies are more effective than the policies covering adult unemployed. The effects mainly appear early in the unemployment spell; we find no evidence of positive long run effects. To uncover which part of the policies that accounts for the positive effect, we use matching techniques to study the relative efficiency of youth programmes and general adult programmes which are available also for the young. The results indicate that youth programmes are significantly less effective than adult oriented programmes. Overall, the evidence thus suggest that youth policies speed up the transition from unemployment to jobs either due to pre-programme deterrence effects or because of more intense job search support from the public employment services before the programmes.Youth unemployment; program evaluation; pre-program effects

Use Of Therapeutic Exercise, Functional Endurance And Gait Re-Training In A Deconditioned Patient With Acute Respiratory Failure: A Case Report

The human body requires oxygen-rich blood in order to work efficiently. During respiration, air passes from the nose and mouth and into the alveoli of the lungs. When air reaches the alveoli, oxygen passes into the capillaries as carbon dioxide moves out of the capillaries, otherwise known as gas exchange. Respiratory failure may occur when there is a lack of oxygen passing from the lungs into the blood (hypoxemic), or if the lungs cannot remove carbon dioxide from the blood (hypercapnic). Chronic respiratory failure is caused by conditions such as muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injuries, or stroke. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is caused by sudden and serious complication as a result of conditions such as pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and congestive heart failure (CHF). Supplemental oxygen is typically used for initial treatment. In severe cases, patients may require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or noninvasive ventilation (NIV), followed by physical therapy to restore various functional losses. The purpose of this case report was to document the outcomes of therapeutic exercise, functional endurance activities, balance and gait re-training in a deconditioned patient, following ARF.https://dune.une.edu/pt_studcrposter/1062/thumbnail.jp

Sistema numérico ternário com deslocamento zero: a maneira mais económica de representar números

This paper concerns the efficiency of number systems. Following the identification of the most economical conventional integer number system, from a solid criteria, an improvement to such system’s representation economy is proposed which combines the representation efficiency of positional number systems without 0 with the possibility of representing the number 0. A modification to base 3 without 0 makes it possible to obtain a new number system which, according to the identified optimization criteria, becomes the most economic among all integer ones.Este artigo aborda a questão da eficiência de sistemas de números. Partindo da identificação da mais económica base inteira de números de acordo com um critério preestabelecido, propõe-se um melhoramento à economia de representação nessa mesma base através da combinação da eficiência de representação de sistemas de números posicionais sem o zero com a possibilidade de representar o número zero. Uma modificação à base 3 sem zero permite a obtenção de um novo sistema de números que, de acordo com o critério de optimização identificado, é o sistema de representação mais económico entre os sistemas de números inteiros.peerreviewe