75 research outputs found

    Agency working in Britain: character, consequences and regulation

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    Debate over the nature of temporary agency work has intensified in recent times, spurred on by a proposed European directive and by speculation about links with the much heralded ‘knowledge’ economy. This paper examines the debate, focusing on the current character of agency work in Britain. Using data from the Labour Force Survey, we assess some of the claims commonly made about agency work, relating to the personal and employment characteristics of those engaged in such work, the motives of agency workers and the prospects for those who take up agency jobs. In considering the arguments surrounding regulatory change, we find there is a strong case for regulation, but that this rests on the continued disadvantage associated with agency work, with little evidence of an impact from the purported ‘knowledge’ economy.

    It’s the Taking Part that Counts? Participation, Performance and External Labour Market Conditions

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    This paper examines the relationship between participation, performance and the external labour market, using data from the 1998 British Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Our results show that participation can have positive productivity effects, particularly when practices are implemented alongside individual and organizational supports. Yet, we also find that the effects of participation are sensitive to external labour market conditions. In establishments adopting participation in a relatively piecemeal fashion, the positive association between participation and productivity depends upon the presence of relatively high unemployment, suggesting that ‘fear’ and ‘threat’ play an important role in generating high productivity in these establishments. The results do not rule out the possibility that some of the gains from participation stem from higher work intensity, rather than simply increased levels of commitment.Cet essai analyse la relation entre la participation, le rendement et les conditions du marchĂ© du travail externe en s’appuyant sur des donnĂ©es recueillies au niveau d’établissements britanniques. Dans les recherches sur l’effet de la participation des travailleurs sur le rendement, plusieurs auteurs ont constatĂ© que le succĂšs d’une entreprise est fortement associĂ© Ă  la mise en oeuvre de pratiques de participation, conçues de maniĂšre Ă  impliquer les travailleurs dans la prise de dĂ©cision et dans l’organisation de leur travail. Les Ă©crits ont fait ressortir la nature de certaines pratiques de participation, telles que le travail d’équipe, les groupes de discussion et les cercles de qualitĂ©. On croit que ces pratiques jouent un rĂŽle clef dans l’augmentation de la productivitĂ©. On prĂ©tend aussi que ces pratiques connaissent plus de succĂšs lorsqu’elles sont associĂ©es Ă  des mĂ©canismes de support, qui apportent aux travailleurs l’information et l’habiletĂ© nĂ©cessaires Ă  une contribution efficace pour l’organisation et qui aident Ă©galement Ă  l’établissement d’un climat de confiance et de partage mutuel des gains.Par contre, d’autres se montrent plus sceptiques eu Ă©gard Ă  la soliditĂ© et Ă  la constance des effets de la participation organisationnelle sur le rendement. On a dĂ©jĂ  soutenu que des formes de participation au travail pouvaient ne pas offrir aux travailleurs l’occasion d’exercer une rĂ©elle influence sur des enjeux organisationnels et, par consĂ©quent, ne pas ĂȘtre associĂ©es Ă  des niveaux plus Ă©levĂ©s d’engagement et de motivation. De plus, la mise en oeuvre d’initiatives de participation pourrait ĂȘtre accompagnĂ©e d’efforts de la direction pour intensifier le travail. Les gains dans l’amĂ©lioration de la performance, en prĂ©sence de ces pratiques, seraient attribuĂ©s aux pressions accrues et aux attentes qui en dĂ©coulent.On peut aussi s’attendre Ă  ce que les avantages de la participation varient en fonction des conditions du marchĂ© du travail externe. D’un cĂŽtĂ©, un marchĂ© du travail au ralenti pourrait supporter ou renforcer tout impact coercitif dĂ©coulant d’un recours aux pratiques de participation; d’un autre cĂŽtĂ©, la prĂ©sence du chĂŽmage pourrait crĂ©er un climat de crainte et de suspicion Ă  l’effet que les dirigeants puissent rappeler leur politique de participation et adopter une approche d’intensification, minant ainsi la confiance et le sens d’un objectif commun qui sous-tendent la participation.Cependant, Ă  ce jour, il n’existe pas de preuve directe des effets des conditions du marchĂ© du travail externe sur la relation entre la participation et la performance organisationnelle. Cet essai tente de corriger cette lacune en se demandant si la relation entre la participation et la performance peut ĂȘtre influencĂ©e par la menace de pertes d’emploi. Il puise Ă  mĂȘme les donnĂ©es de l’enquĂȘte britannique sur les relations d’emploi sur les lieux du travail de 1998. C’est une enquĂȘte reprĂ©sentative Ă  l’échelle nationale dans 2191 Ă©tablissements britanniques employant dix salariĂ©s ou plus. Nous retenons le questionnaire de direction, qu’on retrouve dans un sous-Ă©chantillon de 1252 entreprises du secteur privĂ© du commerce. Notre variable dĂ©pendante est le niveau de productivitĂ© enregistrĂ© dans l’établissement.Dans un premier temps, nous analysons les effets de quatre variables indĂ©pendantes en termes de pratiques de participation (le travail d’équipe, les cercles de qualitĂ©, les groupes de discussion et les comitĂ©s consultatifs) et ceux de six supports individuels et organisationnels Ă  la productivitĂ©. Aucune des quatre variables indĂ©pendantes n’est associĂ©e de façon significative et positive Ă  la productivitĂ©. Cependant, trois des supports, la formation en ressources humaines, la participation financiĂšre et la consultation des employĂ©s dans la prise de dĂ©cision sont associĂ©s de façon positive et significative Ă  un niveau plus Ă©levĂ© de productivitĂ©.Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous vĂ©rifions l’hypothĂšse Ă  l’effet que le succĂšs de la participation serait dĂ©pendant de l’existence conjointe des pratiques et des supports, en ventilant les lieux de travail selon le nombre de pratiques et de supports retenus. Les Ă©tablissements prĂ©sentant un niveau Ă©levĂ© de pratiques de participation associĂ©es Ă  des supports organisationnels et individuels (ce que nous appelons : « des Ă©tablissements Ă  haut niveau de participation ») et ceux prĂ©sentant quelques attributs dans quelques-uns de ces secteurs et non dans d’autres (ce que nous appelons « des Ă©tablissements Ă  niveau mixte de participation ») montrent des niveaux significativement plus Ă©levĂ©s de productivitĂ© que les lieux de travail qui prĂ©sentent des niveaux faibles de pratiques et de support. Dans le cas des « établissements Ă  haut niveau de participation », on observe une relation positive forte avec des coefficients qui laissent croire que dans de tels lieux de travail les politiques de participation exercent la plus grande influence sur la productivitĂ©.Enfin, nous nous demandons si les relations entre la participation et la productivitĂ© sont influencĂ©es par la menace d’une perte d’emploi. Nous n’observons aucune relation significative sur la productivitĂ© qui serait attribuable Ă  la variable indĂ©pendante telle que des niveaux relativement Ă©levĂ©s ou relativement faibles du chĂŽmage local. Cependant, le chĂŽmage exerce effectivement une influence sur la productivitĂ© dans des Ă©tablissements Ă  « niveau mixte de participation ». Un taux de chĂŽmage relativement haut et relativement bas en interagissant avec ces Ă©tablissements prĂ©sente un coefficient positif, mais cela n’est significatif que dans le cas d’un chĂŽmage Ă©levĂ©. Cela laisse croire qu’une relation positive entre notre mesure de participation « mixte » et la productivitĂ© dĂ©pend de la prĂ©sence d’un taux de chĂŽmage relativement Ă©levĂ©. Par contre, des interactions entre des lieux de travail Ă  haute participation et des niveaux de chĂŽmage relativement Ă©levĂ©s et relativement faibles ne sont pas significatives, alors que le coefficient appliquĂ© sur les Ă©tablissements Ă  haute participation demeure positif et significatif. Cela suggĂšre que, lĂ  oĂč les pratiques de participation et les mĂ©canismes de support sont relativement rĂ©pandues, la participation demeure Ă  l’abri de tout effet de chĂŽmage. Cependant, une petite quantitĂ© d’établissements, environ un sur vingt, met en pratique un tel rĂ©gime Ă©tendu de participation dans notre Ă©chantillon.Globalement, nos observations montrent que la participation peut avoir des effets positifs sur la productivitĂ©, notamment quant les pratiques sont mises en oeuvre en association avec des appuis individuels et organisationnels. Nous trouvons aussi que les effets de la participation sont sensibles aux conditions du marchĂ© du travail externe, lĂ  oĂč les Ă©tablissements implantent la participation Ă  la piĂšce. LĂ  oĂč les travailleurs craignent de perdre leur emploi, en prĂ©sence de hauts niveaux de chĂŽmage local, cette forme partielle de la participation peut ĂȘtre suffisante aux yeux de la direction pour obtenir des niveaux Ă©levĂ©s de productivitĂ©; la productivitĂ© accrue impliquera un effort involontaire de la part des travailleurs et elle peut ĂȘtre associĂ©e avec quelque Ă©lĂ©ment de cadence accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e de travail. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus lancent ainsi un dĂ©fi Ă  ceux qui cherchent Ă  attribuer un plus haut niveau de performance organisationnelle dans les milieux de travail participatifs simplement Ă  une implication accrue des travailleurs.Este artĂ­culo examina la relaciĂłn entre participaciĂłn, rendimiento y mercado externo de trabajo, utilizando datos de la Encuesta britĂĄnica sobre las relaciones de empleo en los centros de trabajo. Nuestros resultados muestran que la participaciĂłn puede tener efectos positivos en la productividad, particularmente cuando las prĂĄcticas son implementadas al lado de soportes individuales y organizacionales. MĂĄs aĂșn, los efectos de la participaciĂłn son sensibles a las condiciones del mercado externo de trabajo. En los establecimientos que adoptan la participaciĂłn de manera relativamente menos articulada, la asociaciĂłn positiva entre participaciĂłn y productividad dependerĂĄ de la presencia de un desempleo relativamente elevado; lo que sugiere que el temor y la amenaza juegan un rol importante para generar una alta productividad en estos establecimientos. Los resultados no descartan la posibilidad que algunos beneficios de la participaciĂłn provengan de una mayor intensificaciĂłn del trabajo y no solo del incremento de los niveles de compromiso participativo

    Managing individual conflict in the contemporary British workplace

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    This report provides a detailed analysis of findings from a qualitative research project that sought to extend our understanding of the management of conflict in British workplaces and how this is being shaped by the regulatory environment. It also examines the influence of the Acas Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures. The research was conducted between December 2014 and September 2015, and comprised 25 focus groups and 20 individual interviews. In total, 158 managers, HR practitioners, union representatives and employment lawyers, drawn from a wide range of different organisations, took part in the research

    Detection of Airborne Biological Particles in Indoor Air Using a Real-Time Advanced Morphological Parameter UV-LIF Spectrometer and Gradient Boosting Ensemble Decision Tree Classifiers

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    We present results from a study evaluating the utility of supervised machine learning to classify single particle ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) signatures to investigate airborne primary biological aerosol particle (PBAP) concentrations in a busy, multifunctional building using a Multiparameter Bioaerosol Spectrometer. First we introduce and demonstrate a gradient boosting ensemble decision tree algorithm’s ability to accurately classify laboratory generated PBAP samples into broad taxonomic classes with a high level of accuracy. We then develop a framework to appraise the classification accuracy and performance using the Hellinger distance metric to compare product parameter probability density function similarity; this framework showed that key training classes were sufficiently different in terms of particle fluorescence and morphology to facilitate classification. We also demonstrate the utility of including advanced morphological parameters to minimise inter-class conflation and improve classification confidence, where relying on the fluorescent spectra alone would likely result in misattribution. Finally, we apply these methods to ambient data collected within a large multi-functional building where ambient bacterial- and fungal-like classes were identified to display trends corresponding to human activity; fungal-like classes displayed a consistent diurnal trend with a maximum at midday and hourly peaks correlating to movements within the building; bacteria-like aerosol displayed complex, episodic events during opening hours. All PBAP classes fell to low baseline concentrations when the building was unoccupied overnight and at weekendsPeer reviewe

    COVID-19 and the uncertain future of HRM: Furlough, job retention and reform

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    The article argues that job retention should be a central aim and practice of human resource management (HRM). Set against the global COVID-19 crisis, theoretical insights are drawn from strategic HRM planning and the economics of ‘labour hoarding’ to consider the potential benefits of workforce furloughing. Furlough has been supported in the UK by the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme, which represents a novel, but temporary, state-led shift from the UK's market-orientated restructuring regime. We argue that the withdrawal of state-financed furlough may mean a quick return in UK firms to the management of redundancy. Yet, if the crisis is to generate any benefit it must create the conditions for a more collaborative HRM that delivers for workers as well as business, with job retention as a core priority. While change in this direction will mean confronting deep-rooted challenges—such as job security, good work and worker voice—such change remains vital in creating better and healthier workplaces

    The social protection of workers in the platform economy

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    This study investigates the social protection of workers in the platform economy at the request of the European Parliament’s Employment and Social Affairs Committee. The report reviews literature and previous research on the platform economy with the aims of defining it and developing a typology for understanding its nature. It discusses the growth and drivers of the platform economy, as well as benefits and challenges for workers, reporting findings from 50 interviews conducted with expert stakeholders in eight European countries and from an original survey of 1,200 platform workers. It dissects the different normative layers that need to be considered when looking at the challenges of social protection of platform workers from a legal perspective. Finally, the report draws conclusions and makes recommendations concerning arrangements for the provision of social protection for workers in this growing sector of the economyEste estudio investiga la protecciĂłn social de los trabajadores en la economĂ­a de plataforma a peticiĂłn de la ComisiĂłn de Empleo y Asuntos Sociales del Parlamento Europeo. El informe revisa la literatura y las investigaciones previas sobre la economĂ­a de plataforma con el objetivo de definirla y desarrollar una tipologĂ­a para comprender su naturaleza. Discute el crecimiento y los motores de la economĂ­a planificada, asĂ­ como los beneficios y los desafĂ­os para los trabajadores, y presenta los resultados de 50 entrevistas realizadas a expertos de ocho paĂ­ses europeos y de una encuesta original de 1.200 trabajadores de la plataforma. Disecciona los diferentes estratos normativos que deben considerarse cuando se analizan los retos de la protecciĂłn social de los trabajadores de las plataformas desde una perspectiva jurĂ­dica. Por Ășltimo, el informe extrae conclusiones y formula recomendaciones relativas a las disposiciones para la provisiĂłn de protecciĂłn social para los trabajadores de este creciente sector de la economĂ­a

    Clear, rigorous and relevant: publishing quantitative research articles in work, employment and society

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    According to the recent benchmarking review of the discipline, UK sociological research is predominantly based around qualitative research methods (BSA/HaPS/ESRC 2010: 23). Further, evidence suggests that the overwhelming majority of empirical articles published in mainstream UK sociology journals are qualitative in their focus (Payne 2007: 903). In this context, WES has always been something of an outlier within UK sociology in that a relatively high proportion of articles published in the journal employ quantitative analysis (Rainbird and Rose 2007: 212; Stuart et al 2013:382). However, one consequence of the relative neglect of quantitative methods within UK sociology is that there is a lack of shared understanding about what constitutes appropriate ways of framing and presenting quantitative sociological analysis. This lack of shared understanding can then create problems for researchers seeking to publish articles based on quantitative research, because in contrast to social science disciplines where quantitative analysis is the norm, there is no clear, well established template or set of expectations for quantitative sociological research articles

    Asking the readers: audience research into alternative journalism

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    Alternative forms of journalism are said to challenge the passive role of audience members as receivers and to foster active citizenship among alternative journalists and audiences. Yet the scholarly literature on alternative journalism contains more assertions about than evidence from the audience. Downing has described the audience for alternative media as “the virtually unknown”, prompting him to urge journalism scholars to undertake more audience research to help increase our understanding of this allegedly active and civic-minded public. This exploratory study of the people who regularly read a contemporary example of alternative journalism—an investigative local blog covering one UK city—is intended to contribute towards filling the gap identified by Downing. Audience views are explored by means of questionnaires and focus groups, providing some evidence that individuals are attracted to alternative journalism by their dissatisfaction with mainstream media; that they see alternative media as helping them make sense of the world; and that, to an extent, engaging with such media is both a prompt to, and a reflection of, readers’ democratic engagement as citizens. Recognising the limitations of this small study, the article concludes by reiterating Downing's call for further research

    Alternative Journalism as Monitorial Citizenship? A case study of a local news blog

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    Recent years have seen claims that some examples of online alternative journalism in the form of hyperlocal and local blogs are helping to address society’s “democratic deficit” by subjecting the actions of the powerful to increased public scrutiny, in a process that has been described as “monitorial citizenship”. To explore how this might work in practice, this study examines the origins, motivations and practices of one such site in the United Kingdom: the Leeds Citizen. The aim is to provide the sort of detailed consideration in depth that is almost by definition missing from wider surveys of the field. To this end, the case study is based on a series of interviews with the site’s creator, augmented by analysis of content, all discussed within the context of scholarly literature on how alternative, non-commercial forms of journalism operate in the digital age. The article concludes that this contemporary form of alternative journalism may indeed be described as an example of monitorial citizenship in action, but there is also a need for further research
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