Infección por micorrizas arbusculares en dos tipos de raíces de Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch.

Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch is a conifer distributed in the Andean-Patagonian forests in the south of Argentina and Chile. The main objective of this work was to relate the different root classes appearing in A. araucana to mycorrhizal behavior. Samples were collected in three different sites in the Lanín National Park (NW Patagonia, Argentina). Two different root classes were present in A. araucana: longitudinal fine roots (LFR) and globular short roots (GSR). Both had extensive mycorrhizal arbuscular symbiosis (AM) and presented abundant hyphae and coils in root cells, a characteristic of the anatomical Paris-type. Dark septate fungal endophytes were also observed. Values of total AM colonization were high, with similar partial AM% values for each root class. Seasonal differences were found for total and partial colonization, with higher values in spring compared to autumn. Regarding the percentage of fungal structures between root classes, values were similar for vesicles and arbuscules, but higher coil percentages were observed in GSR compared to LFR. The percentages of vesicles increased in autumn, whereas the arbuscule percentages increased in spring, coinciding with the plant growth peak. Results show that both root classes of A. araucana in Andean-Patagonian forests are associated with AM fungi, which may have ecological relevance in terms of the importance of this symbiosis, in response to soil nutrient-deficiencies, especially high P-retention.La conífera Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch se encuentra distribuida en los bosques Andino-Patagónicos de Argentina y Chile. En este trabajo se relacionaron las diferentes clases morfológicas de raíces presentes en la especie con el comportamiento micorrícico. Las muestras fueron tomadas en tres sitios del Parque Nacional Lanín (NO de Patagonia, Argentina). Se observaron dos clases diferentes de raíces: raíces finas longitudinales (RFL) y raíces cortas globulares (RCG). Ambas clases presentaron una importante simbiosis micorrícico-arbuscular (MA), con abundante desarrollo de hifas intracelulares y rulos, característico del tipo anatómico Paris. También se observaron hifas marrones septadas. Los valores totales de colonización MA fueron altos, con porcentajes parciales similares en cada clase radicular. Se encontraron diferencias estacionales en los porcentajes de infección (totales y parciales), con valores mayores en primavera comparados con los de otoño. Los porcentajes de estructuras fúngicas presentes en cada clase radicular fueron similares para vesículas y arbúsculos, pero se observaron mayores valores de rulos en las RCG que en las RFL. Los porcentajes de vesículas aumentaron en otoño, mientras que los de arbúsculos lo hicieron en primavera, en coincidencia con el pico de crecimiento vegetativo de los árboles. Los resultados muestran una fuerte asociación simbiótica MA con A. araucana y su relevancia en términos ecológicos en respuesta a la deficiencia de nutrientes en el suelo, en especial, a la alta retención de fósforo.Fil: Diehl, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fontenla, Sonia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Una sociedad con mucho para brindar

Muchas veces desconocemos la importancia de aquello que no podemos observar a simple vista. Los invitamos a conocer a las micorrizas, una simbiosis fundamental para el desarrollo vegetal y con gran potencial en producción forestal.Fil: Fernández, Natalia Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Marchelli, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Fontenla, Sonia Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; Argentin

Evaluación y selección de medios de cultivo para detectar compuestos tipo auxinas y la solubilización de fosfato en levaduras de suelo

The detection of characteristics associated with plant growth promotion has been studied frequently on bacteria and some of these detection methods were also used on yeasts. Sometimes, these methods, designed for prokaryotes, were used with no prior analysis regarding growth and production on eukaryotes. The aim of the present study was to assess and select the best suitable media for the detection of auxin-like compound production and inorganic-P solubilization on yeast strains. Already published media and new formulations, as well as yeasts with different genetic backgrounds were used for the comparison. Media were selected based on the adequate growth of yeast strains and reliable recognition of the studied features either by an easy detection of the metabolite (color or halo production) or simple medium preparation (low number of reagent and regular autoclaving). We propose here the use of the new DEV medium with glucose and with tryptophan to identify auxin-like compounds producers; and CPM medium (a variation from Custer's Chalk Medium) as base medium to identify yeasts capable of inorganic-P solubilization.La detección de características relacionadas con la promoción del crecimiento vegetal ha sido estudiada frecuentemente en bacterias; algunos de los métodos de detección también han sido usados en levaduras. En muchos casos, estos métodos se utilizaron en levaduras sin haber hecho análisis previos respecto de cómo funcionan para el crecimiento y la producción de compuestos por parte de estos eucariotas. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar y seleccionar los medios de cultivo adecuados para detectar solubilización de P inorgánico y producción de compuestos de tipo auxinas en levaduras. Para ello se utilizaron diferentes levaduras y se realizaron comparaciones empleando medios de cultivos conocidos y nuevas formulaciones adaptadas al crecimiento de las levaduras. Los medios de cultivo fueron seleccionados sobre la base del crecimiento adecuado de las levaduras y el reconocimiento fiable de los rasgos estudiados, ya sea por una determinación simple del metabolito (producción de color y halos) o por la sencillez en la preparación del medio de cultivo. Se propone aquí el uso del medio DEV adicionado con glucosa más triptófano para identificar levaduras productoras de compuestos de tipo auxinas y del medio CPM (una variación del medio Custer's con carbonato de calcio) como medio base para identificar levaduras capaces de solubilizar P inorgánico.Fil: Mestre, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad de Bariloche. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Severino, María Elena. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Fontenla, Sonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad de Bariloche. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología; Argentin

Differential hypogeous sporocarp production from Nothofagus dombeyi and N. pumilio forests in southern Argentina

Mycorrhizal fungi that form hypogeous sporocarps are an important component of the temperate forest soil community. In many regions, such as the Nothofagus forest in the Patagonian Andes, this group of fungi has been poorly studied. Here we examined the spring and autumn community composition of "sequestrate fungi", based on sporocarp production in pure forests of Nothofagus dombeyi (evergreen) and N. pumilio (deciduous). We investigated the possible relationships between these communities and environmental factors over 2 y. The rarefaction curves and the minimal richness estimates converged at nearly the same level for each forest type, and the asymptotes suggested that the sampling effort was sufficient to capture most of the hypogeous sporocarp richness in these forest stands. In total 27 species were recovered. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and Glomeromycota respectively accounted for nine, two and one genera. Species richness of hypogeous sporocarps varied in relation to forest type but not to season (fall and spring), whereas sporocarp biomass varied according to an interaction between season and forest type. Species richness and sporocarp biomass were positively correlated with rainfall and negatively correlated with altitude. In addition sporocarp species richness was positively related to number of trees per transect. We found that two different forest stands, each dominated by different species of Nothofagus, exhibited different hypogeous sporocarp communities. © 2012 by The Mycological Society of America.Fil: Nouhra, Eduardo Ramon. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Urcelay, Roberto Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Longo, Maria Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Fontenla, Sonia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentin

Natives helping foreigners? The effect of inoculation of poplar with patagonian beneficial microorganisms

Inoculation with microorganisms represents an opportunity to enhance tree production, directly affecting plant growth or survival at planting. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mixed inoculation with native mycorrhizae, two yeasts and one endophytic bacterium, on the growth of two poplar clones commonly used in Patagonia, Argentina. Yeasts and bacteria were selected base on their ability to produce IAA and siderophores, as well as P solubilization in-vitro. A greenhouse trial was performed using hardwood cuttings of Populus nigra ‘Italica’ and Populus trichocarpa ‘SP1456’. Only yeasts modified growth traits, in a host-related response: Tausonia pullulans reduced the root/shoot ratio in P. nigra, and Candida saitoana and increased shoot dry biomass in P. trichocarpa. All plants presented arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization but ectomycorrhizae were absent. Two types of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization were observed, one of them similar to Glomus tenue. We found a tendency for a higher percentage of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization when plants were inoculated with T. pullulans. The used of native yeast along with mycorrhizal inocula appears to be a promising tool to improve poplar forestry.EEA BarilocheFil: Mestre, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Pastorino, Mario Juan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Aparicio, Alejandro Gabriel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Fontenla, Sonia Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología; Argentin

Nothofagus pumilio forest affected by recent tephra deposition in northern patagonia. I-environmental traits influencing seedling growth

The 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic eruption left vast areas of Nothofagus pumilio forests covered by high volumes of tephra, which buried the understory. This event offered a unique opportunity to analyse the impact of recent tephra deposition and the main environmental factors affecting the growth of N. pumilio seedlings. To this end, three study sites were selected and sampled three years after the eruption, two with a thick tephra layer (50 cm) but with different tree conditions: i) most trees alive or ii) most trees dead, and a third site, iii) with minimal tephra deposition. From each site, five N. pumilio 18-month-old seedlings were collected, morphometrically measured (shoot, epicotyl and main root length; shoot, epicotyl and root collar diameter), and environmental factors were also registered (light intensity, soil pH and conductivity, available P, bulk and particle soil density, and porosity). The main results indicated that three years after eruption the site with tephra deposition and dead trees (the most near to the crater) had the biggest seedlings, the lowest pH and the highest values for available P and light intensity. This temporally unique geological event showed that the regeneration potentiality of N. pumilio is high when environmental factors allow direct incident light on a substrate with high mineral content, even when the environment has previously been subjected to a significant degree of disturbance. Given the recurrence of volcanic events in northern Patagonia, this subject merits further long-term study.Fil: Moguilevsky, Denise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad nacional del Comahue. San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Natalia Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad nacional del Comahue. San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Cornejo, Pablo E.. Universidad de La Frontera; ChileFil: Puntieri, Javier Guido. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fontenla, Sonia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentin

Nothofagus pumilio forest affected by recent tephra deposition in northern patagonia: II-shifts in diversity and structure of rhizosphere fungal communities

Volcanic eruptions have a significant effect on ecosystems, including soil and its fungal communities. Due to the eruption of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle in 2011, thick tephra deposits accumulated in several Nothofagus pumilio forests in Northern Patagonia. The tephra deposition affected plant establishment and development during the post-eruption period. In this work we analyzed rhizosphere fungal communities associated with N. pumilio seedlings at three study sites sampled three years after the eruption, two with a thick tephra layer (50 cm) and a third site with no tephra deposition. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was performed for the different fungal communities (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Total fungi). We found clear shifts in rhizosphere fungal communities, especially for Basidiomycetes and Total fungi. Site-related characteristics, such as type of substrate, light intensity and the existence of understory and previous mycelial networks, seemed to be the main factors determining the structure of these fungal communities. Given their sensitivity to different types of environmental change, these microbial communities could be used as bioindicators. Specifically, Basidiomycetes and total fungi seem to be better bioindicators of environmental changes than ascomycetes. The results shown here contribute to the understanding of how fungal communities respond to disturbance, an important issue in the evaluation of how ecosystem processes might be affected in areas commonly subjected to geological risks, such as volcanism. This information is also relevant to the planning and successful implementation of restoration activities based on seedling optimization by rhizosphere fungi.Fil: Fernández, Natalia V.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales.; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Fontenla, Sonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales.; Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Moguilevsky, Denise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales.; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Meie, Sebastián. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile. Universidad de La Frontera; ChileFil: Rilling, Joaquín. Universidad de La Frontera; ChileFil: Cornejo, Pablo Sebastian. Universidad de La Frontera; Chil

Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in high altitude sites of the Patagonian Altoandina region in Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina)

Knowledge of the occurrence and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in National Parks is essential for the establishment of policies for conservation. The aim of this study was to characterize the AMF communities in the Patagonian Altoandina region in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. We surveyed AMF spores associated with the rhizospheres of 9 plant species in the Patagonian Steppe (PS), Challhuaco Hill (ChH), Catedral Hill (CH), and Tronador Hill (TH) regions and detected a total of 27 Glomeromycota species. Acaulospora laevis was dominant at all sites. The AMF community was dominated by Acaulosporaceae, as regards the number of species and contribution of each one to the total number of spores. Three Glomeromycota families were detected at PS, the site with the lowest elevation; whereas five to six families were detected at ChH, CH, and TH. Cluster analysis indicated that the AMF communities were grouped according to habitat. We concluded that certain patterns of the AMFcommunity structure detected were equivalent to those of high-altitude environments from other studies, while others were unique to the Patagonian region; thus suggesting that historical influences like dispersion and speciation played a critical role in shaping AMF community composition in such high-altitude environments.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in high altitude sites of the Patagonian Altoandina region in Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina)

Knowledge of the occurrence and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in National Parks is essential for the establishment of policies for conservation. The aim of this study was to characterize the AMF communities in the Patagonian Altoandina region in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. We surveyed AMF spores associated with the rhizospheres of 9 plant species in the Patagonian Steppe (PS), Challhuaco Hill (ChH), Catedral Hill (CH), and Tronador Hill (TH) regions and detected a total of 27 Glomeromycota species. Acaulospora laevis was dominant at all sites. The AMF community was dominated by Acaulosporaceae, as regards the number of species and contribution of each one to the total number of spores. Three Glomeromycota families were detected at PS, the site with the lowest elevation; whereas five to six families were detected at ChH, CH, and TH. Cluster analysis indicated that the AMF communities were grouped according to habitat. We concluded that certain patterns of the AMFcommunity structure detected were equivalent to those of high-altitude environments from other studies, while others were unique to the Patagonian region; thus suggesting that historical influences like dispersion and speciation played a critical role in shaping AMF community composition in such high-altitude environments.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale