752 research outputs found
Comparison of Machine Learning Methods Applied to SAR Images for Forest Classification in Mediterranean Areas
In this paper, multifrequency synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from ALOS/PALSAR, ENVISAT/ASAR and CosmoâSkyMed sensors were studied for forest classification in a test area in Central Italy (San Rossore), where detailed inâsitu measurements were available. A preliminary discrimination of the main land cover classes and forest types was carried out by exploiting the synergy among Lâ, Câ and Xâbands and different polarizations. SAR data were preliminarily inspected to assess the capabilities of discriminating forest from nonâforest and separating broadleaf from coniferous forests. The temporal average backscattering coefficient (°) was computed for each sensorâpolarization pair and labeled on a pixel basis according to the reference map. Several classification methods based on the machine learning framework were applied and validated considering different features, in order to highlight the contribution of bands and polarizations, as well as to assess the classifiersâ performance. The experimental results indicate that the different surface types are best identified by using all bands, followed by joint Lâ and Xâ bands. In the former case, the best overall average accuracy (83.1%) is achieved by random forest classification. Finally, the classification maps on class edges are discussed to highlight the misclassification errors
Biomass retrieval based on genetic algorithm feature selection and support vector regression in Alpine grassland using ground-based hyperspectral and Sentinel-1 SAR data
A general framework for the integration of multi-sensor data for dry and fresh biomass retrieval is proposed and tested in Alpine meadows and pastures. To this purpose, hyperspectral spectroradiometer (as simulation of hyperspectral imagery) and biomass samples were collected in field campaigns and Copernicus Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide (IW) swath SAR backscattering coefficients were used. First, a genetic algorithm feature selection was performed on hyperspectral data, and afterwards the resulting most sensitive bands where combined with SAR data within a support vector regression (SVR) model. The most sensitive hyperspectral bands were mainly located in different regions of the SWIR range for both fresh and dry biomass, and in the red and near-infrared regions mainly for dry biomass, but with less influence for fresh biomass. The R (2) correlation values between the sampled and the estimated biomass range from 0.24 to 0.71. The relatively low performances are mainly related to the saturation effect in the optical bands, as well as to the paucity of points for high values of biomass. The methodology allows a better understanding of the interaction between grassland systems and the electromagnetic spectrum by offering a model with a reduced number of narrow bands in the context of a multi-sensor integration
Techniques and machines for conservation and organic agriculture: the S.M.O.C.A. project.
The combination of low environmental impact farming techniques and conservation agriculture techniques is considered not feasible due to some limitations, mainly including is the strong dependence of conservation cropping systems by chemical control of weeds and the use of mineral fertilizers, which are considered essential for supporting to acceptable levels of crop productions.
In order to apply the techniques of reduced tillage also in organic and integrated agriculture, is therefore indispensable, on one hand, the availability of specific versatile and efficient machines for non-chemical cover-crop management, weed control and sod-seeding/planting, on the other hand, the optimization of cropping systems in function of improved nutrient cycling and preventive weed control. The SMOCA project (Smart Management Conservation of Organic Agriculture) aims to integrate organic cropping systems and conservation agriculture techniques in three different scenarios (arable open field, open field vegetables and orchards) thanks to development of machines and technical itineraries that allow to apply the reduced tillage techniques even in the absence of pesticides.
Within this project, prototypes of machines were realized in order to implement conservation cropping systems with high energy efficiency. For each scenario, three technical itineraries were compared:
- control (INT): based on integrated agriculture without use of conservation agriculture techniques. The use of agrochemicals is allowed in accordance with the disciplinary for integrated production;
- organic system (ORG): based on the organic agriculture, involves the use of cover crops (managed as green manure) and soil tillage.
The non chemical management of weed flora is achieved with preventive methods and direct methods (mechanical and thermal weed control);
- organic and conservation system (ORG +): based on the deep integration between the principles of conservation agriculture and organic farming. The system aims to achieve an almost continuous coverage of the soil through the use of no-tillage techniques and
cover crops managed as living or dead mulches.
The study of the overall sustainability of the different systems in comparison is conducted by means of a detailed analysis of the following aspects:
- agronomic;
- energy and environmental;
- economic.
The environmental effect of the compared systems will be mainly assessed through the study of the following aspects: greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient balance, preservation of soil quality, biological nitrogen fixation, conservation of water resources in the soil and the life cycle assessment (LCA). The efficiency and the impact of different management techniques are also continuously monitored on the orchard and vegetable crops through the study of the fruits of growth dynamics, thanks to an innovative methodology that uses a network of growth sensors spatially distributed in the field. The final product quality is also evaluated through the analysis of their levels of nutraceutical compounds. The research project is still ongoing and the prototypes of machines realized are presented in this paper
Deriving wheat crop productivity indicators using Sentinel-1 time series
High-frequency Earth observation (EO) data have been shown to be effective in identifying crops and monitoring their development. The purpose of this paper is to derive quantitative indicators of crop productivity using synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This study shows that the field-specific SAR time series can be used to characterise growth and maturation periods and to estimate the performance of cereals. Winter wheat fields on the Rothamsted Research farm in Harpenden (UK) were selected for the analysis during three cropping seasons (2017 to 2019). Average SAR backscatter from Sentinel-1 satellites was extracted for each field and temporal analysis was applied to the backscatter cross-polarisation ratio (VH/VV). The calculation of the different curve parameters during the growing period involves (i) fitting of two logistic curves to the dynamics of the SAR time series, which describe timing and intensity of growth and maturation, respectively; (ii) plotting the associated first and second derivative in order to assist the determination of key stages in the crop development; and (iii) exploring the correlation matrix for the derived indicators and their predictive power for yield. The results show that the day of the year of the maximum VH/VV value was negatively correlated with yield (r = â0.56), and the duration of âfullâ vegetation was positively correlated with yield (r = 0.61). Significant seasonal variation in the timing of peak vegetation (p = 0.042), the midpoint of growth (p = 0.037), the duration of the growing season (p = 0.039) and yield (p = 0.016) were observed and were consistent with observations of crop phenology. Further research is required to obtain a more detailed picture of the uncertainty of the presented novel methodology, as well as its validity across a wider range of agroecosystem
Integrazione di tecniche di agricoltura biologica e conservativa in sistemi colturali con crescente intensitĂ ecologica: il progetto F.I.R.B. SMOCA
Il progetto SMOCA (Smart Management of Organic Conservative Agriculture) (2014- 2017) mira ad incrementare la sostenibilitaÌ dei sistemi colturali integrati/biologici mediante lâintroduzione di tecniche di agricoltura conservativa, finalizzate alla riduzione dei consumi energetici e al miglioramento della fertilitaÌ del terreno. In SMOCA saranno sviluppate macchine e strategie agronomiche innovative che permettano di applicare le tecniche di lavorazione ridotta anche in assenza di mezzi chimici di sintesi
Remote Sensing of Forest Biomass Using GNSS Reflectometry
In this study, the capability of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry in evaluating forest biomass from space has been investigated by using data coming from the TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) mission of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. and from the Cyclone Satellite System (CyGNSS) mission of NASA. The analysis has been first conducted using TDS-1 data on a local scale, by selecting five test areas located in different parts of the Earth's surface. The areas were chosen as examples of various forest coverages, including equatorial and boreal forests. Then, the analysis has been extended by using CyGNSS to a global scale, including any type of forest coverage. The peak of the Delay Doppler Map calibrated to retrieve an "equivalent" reflectivity has been exploited for this investigation and its sensitivity to forest parameters has been evaluated by a direct comparison with vegetation optical depth (VOD) derived from the Soil Moisture Active Passive L-band radiometer, with a pantropical aboveground biomass (AGB) map and then with a tree height (H) global map derived from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System installed on-board the ICEsat satellite. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the decreasing trend of the observed equivalent reflectivity for increasing biomass, with correlation coefficients 0.31 †R †0.54 depending on the target parameter (VOD, AGB, or H) and on the considered dataset (local or global). These correlations were not sufficient to retrieve the target parameters by simple inversion of the direct relationships. The retrieval has been therefore based on Artificial Neural Networks making it possible to add other inputs (e.g., the incidence angle, the signal to noise ratio, and the lat/lon information in case of global maps) to the algorithm. Although not directly correlated to the biomass, these inputs helped in improving the retrieval accuracy. The algorithm was tested on both the selected areas and globally, showing a promising ability to retrieve the target parameter, either AGB or H, with correlation coefficients R â 0.8
Eranet-Med Optimed- Water Project: Results on soil Moisture Maps of Semi-Arid Environment by using Optical/Microwave Satellite Data
This project deals with the implementation of an
innovative water management system in Mediterranean
countries (i.e. Tunisia and Egypt), which suffer from chronic
water scarcity, together with two European countries
(Germany and Italy). The consortium is developing and
applying synergic methods and algorithms for investigating
the water cycle, using remote sensing techniques.
The focus is on the use of satellite data (optical and
microwave) for monitoring vegetation cover and water status
along with soil moisture temporal evolutions in order to
improve the knowledge of the water cycle in arid areas. Both
local and regional monitoring are carried out in order to
investigate different spatial scales.
The scope of the project is to propose practical and costeffective solutions for driving and updating a method for the
sustainable use of water in agriculture.
First results on soil moisture mapping retrieved in Tunisia
using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based algorithm is
presented in this pap
Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires
The production of tt⟠, W+bb⟠and W+cc⟠is studied in the forward region of protonâproton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fbâ1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays WââÎœ , where â denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of , and is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The bosons are reconstructed in the decays , where denotes muon or electron, while the and quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions
Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in -tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV
Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton
collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against
a boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and
transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 GeV and in the pseudorapidity range . The
data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy
of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb. Triple
differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum
fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also
measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent
fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the
measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into
the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any
supplementary material and additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb
public pages
Study of the decay
The decay is studied
in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of TeV
using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5
collected by the LHCb experiment. In the system, the
state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is
resolved into two narrower states, and ,
whose masses and widths are measured to be where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second
systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a
prompt sample. Evidence of a new
state is found with a local significance of , whose mass and width
are measured to be and , respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode
is found with a significance of
. The relative branching fraction of with respect to the
decay is measured to be , where the first
uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from
the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb
public pages
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