160 research outputs found
Specifics of mechanically driven atomic distributions In interstitial alloys
Mechanically driven interstitial atoms distributions are exemplified in the case of FeIx (I = C or N) alloys obtained by ball milling process in the concentration range 0.05 †x †0.5. With the chosen processing protocol, the asymptotic completion interstitial distribution depends on x and on the nature of interstitial (C or N) and not on the reactants which only have to respect the aimed nominal composition of the mixture. Mössbauer spectrometry results have proven that the distribution observed for similar interstitial compositions for C and for N are different. The grounds of these differences and the consequences on the structure of mechanically driven alloys are analysed, as well as the influence of nano-structuration on plasticity nanomechanisms. The role of stacking faults shown by diffraction and microscopy results as well as other lattice defects and phase transformation is examined
ModĂ©lisation des processus de germination / croissance des grains de zinc pour lâĂ©tude du procĂ©dĂ© de galvanisation
PrĂšs de la moitiĂ© des 10 millions de tonnes de zinc produites annuellement Ă travers le monde sont utilisĂ©es pour la galvanisation de piĂšces dâacier. Le dĂ©pĂŽt dâun film adhĂ©rent de zinc obtenu par ce procĂ©dĂ© constitue une anode sacrificielle limitant fortement la corrosion du mĂ©tal. Dans le but de mieux apprĂ©hender la formation de lâĂ©tat de surface final du matĂ©riau galvanisĂ©, un modĂšle couplant des approches automates cellulaires et Ă©lĂ©ments finis a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Il permet de simuler la germination des cristaux Ă la surface du substrat et la croissance des diffĂ©rentes branches dendritiques. Le dĂ©veloppement prĂ©fĂ©rentiel des grains dans le plan basal et lâĂ©volution de leur vitesse de croissance selon leur orientation spatiale sont montrĂ©es. De plus, la confrontation de ces rĂ©sultats avec les analyses EBSD menĂ©es parallĂšlement sur des Ă©chantillons de tĂŽles minces, montre une bonne prĂ©diction de la texture du film protecteur
A Cellular Automaton / Finite Element model for predicting grain texture development in galvanized coatings
Hot-dipping galvanizing process is a widely used and efficient way to protect steel from corrosion. We propose to master the microstructure of zinc grains by investigating the relevant process parameters. In order to improve the texture of this coating, we model grain nucleation and growth processes and simulate the zinc solid phase development. A coupling scheme model has been applied with this aim. This model improves a previous two-dimensional model of the solidification process. It couples a cellular automaton (CA) approach and a finite element (FE) method. CA grid and FE mesh are superimposed on the same domain. The grain development is simulated at the micro-scale based on the CA grid. A nucleation law is defined using a Gaussian probability and a random set of nucleating cells. A crystallographic orientation is defined for each one with a choice of Euler's angle (Κ,Ξ,Ï). A small growing shape is then associated to each cell in the mushy domain and a dendrite tip kinetics is defined using the model of Kurz [2]. The six directions of basal plane and the two perpendicular directions develop in each mushy cell. During each time step, cell temperature and solid fraction are then determined at micro-scale using the enthalpy conservation relation and variations are reassigned at macro-scale. This coupling scheme model enables to simulate the three-dimensional growing kinetics of the zinc grain in a two-dimensional approach. Grain structure evolutions for various cooling times have been simulated. Final grain structure has been compared to EBSD measurements. We show that the preferentially growth of dendrite arms in the basal plane of zinc grains is correctly predicted. The described coupling scheme model could be applied for simulated other product or manufacturing processes. It constitutes an approach gathering both micro and macro scale models.The authors would like to thank the International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO) for the financial support supplied to this research project
Influence of carbon and nitrogen on electronic structure and hyperfine interactions in fcc iron-based alloys
Carbon and nitrogen austenites, modeled by Fe8N and Fe8C superstructures are
studied by full-potential LAPW method. Structure parameters, electronic and
magnetic properties as well as hyperfine interaction parameters are obtained.
Calculations prove that Fe-C austenite can be successfully modeled by ordered
Fe8C superstructure. The results show that chemical Fe-C bond in Fe8C has
higher covalent part than in Fe8N. Detailed analysis of electric field gradient
formation for both systems is performed. The calculation of electric field
gradient allow us to carry out a good interpretation of Moessbauer spectra for
Fe-C and Fe-N systems.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, IOP-style LaTeX, submitted to J. Phys. Condens.
Matte
ModĂ©lisation des processus de germination / croissance des grains de zinc pour lâĂ©tude du procĂ©dĂ© de galvanisation
PrĂšs de la moitiĂ© des 10 millions de tonnes de zinc produites annuellement Ă travers le monde sont utilisĂ©es pour la galvanisation de piĂšces dâacier. Le dĂ©pĂŽt dâun film adhĂ©rent de zinc obtenu par ce procĂ©dĂ© constitue une anode sacrificielle limitant fortement la corrosion du mĂ©tal. Dans le but de mieux apprĂ©hender la formation de lâĂ©tat de surface final du matĂ©riau galvanisĂ©, un modĂšle couplant des approches automates cellulaires et Ă©lĂ©ments finis a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Il permet de simuler la germination des cristaux Ă la surface du substrat et la croissance des diffĂ©rentes branches dendritiques. Le dĂ©veloppement prĂ©fĂ©rentiel des grains dans le plan basal et lâĂ©volution de leur vitesse de croissance selon leur orientation spatiale sont montrĂ©es. De plus, la confrontation de ces rĂ©sultats avec les analyses EBSD menĂ©es parallĂšlement sur des Ă©chantillons de tĂŽles minces, montre une bonne prĂ©diction de la texture du film protecteur
Ătude de cas : nĂ©crose unilatĂ©rale des glandes surrĂ©nales Ă 25 semaines d'amĂ©norrhĂ©es
Objectives: From the example of an unilateral adrenal necrosis during pregnancy and a review, we presented its characteristics and its challenges in order to improve the diagnosis process and the etiological approach.Methods: We read and analysed the medical file of a patient affected by an adrenal necrosis during her pregnancy. Then, through scientific databanks, academic societies and books, we realized a review.Results: A healthy 24-years-old woman, G1P0, presented herself at obstetrical emergency at 25 weeks of gestation with severe lumbar pain and vomiting. Tests only revealed hyperleukocytosis and hyperkalemia. After 48h, adrenal necrosis has been diagnosed at contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan. Unilateral adrenal necrosis usually affects low-risk-patients during normal pregnancies. Its biological and clinical presentation is equivocal. There is no adrenal insufficiency in unilateral cases. The diagnosisž often delayed, is made by magnetic resonance imageor contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan. Unilateral adrenal necrosis is caused by adrenal thrombosis; in one third of the time, a thrombophilia is found.Conclusion: Unilateral adrenal necrosis during pregnancy is little known by medical community. Doctors have to think about it when a patient has unilateral lumbar pain, with digestive disorders and hyperleukocytosis without fever and without obvious etiology. Medical imaging assesses the diagnosis. Doctors should not be afraid to use it because if not, it could lead to delay or mistakes.Objectifs : Ă travers lâĂ©tude dâun cas de nĂ©crose unilatĂ©rale des glandes surrĂ©nales pendant la grossesse et de cas publiĂ©s dans la littĂ©rature, nous avons prĂ©sentĂ© les caractĂ©ristiques et les enjeux de cette pathologie pour amĂ©liorer la dĂ©marche diagnostique et Ă©tiologique.MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thode : Nous avons consultĂ© et analysĂ© le dossier mĂ©dical anonymisĂ© dâune patiente atteinte dâune nĂ©crose des glandes surrĂ©nales pendant la grossesse. En consultant des banques de donnĂ©es mĂ©dicales, des sociĂ©tĂ©s savantes et des manuels de mĂ©decine, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une revue de la littĂ©rature.RĂ©sultats : Une patiente de 24 ans, sans comorbiditĂ©, primigeste, sâest prĂ©sentĂ©e aux urgences Ă 25 semaines dâamĂ©norrhĂ©es avec une douleur lombaire droite intense associĂ©e Ă des vomissements. Seules une hyperleucocytose et une hyperkaliĂ©mie ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es par les examens biologiques. Au bout de 48h, une nĂ©crose de la glande surrĂ©nale droite a Ă©tĂ© diagnostiquĂ©e grĂące aux clichĂ©s de la tomodensitomĂ©trie. La nĂ©crose unilatĂ©rale de la glande surrĂ©nale survient chez des patientes Ă bas risque au cours de grossesses de dĂ©roulement normal. Elle a une prĂ©sentation clinique et biologique Ă©quivoque. Lâatteinte unilatĂ©rale nâentraĂźne pas dâinsuffisance surrĂ©nale. Son diagnostic posĂ© par lâimagerie par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique ou la tomodensitomĂ©trie injectĂ©e, est souvent retardĂ©. La nĂ©crose unilatĂ©rale des glandes surrĂ©nales est causĂ©e par une thrombose veineuse ; la recherche des thrombophilies hĂ©rĂ©ditaires et acquises retrouve une Ă©tiologie dans un tiers des cas. Conclusion : La nĂ©crose unilatĂ©rale des glandes surrĂ©nales pendant la grossesse est peu connue des professionnels de santĂ©. Elle doit ĂȘtre Ă©voquĂ©e face Ă une douleur lombaire unilatĂ©rale, des troubles digestifs et une hyperleucocytose avec une apyrexie sans Ă©tiologie Ă©vidente. Lâimagerie mĂ©dicale permet dâaffirmer le diagnostic. Le recours Ă la tomodensitomĂ©trie chez la femme enceinte doit ĂȘtre mesurĂ© et non proscrit, au risque de gĂ©nĂ©rer une erreur ou un retard diagnostique
ĂTUDE PAR SPECTROMĂTRIE MĂSSBAUER DES SOLUTIONS SOLIDES Fe-N CUBIQUES ET TĂTRAGONALES
Les différents environnements détectés par spectrométrie Mössbauer permettent de préciser les distributions d'interstitiels dans l'austénite γ et les martensites α' et α" ainsi que l'influence des lacunes dans Fe4Nγ'. Les paramÚtres hyperfins sont comparés aux valeurs dans Fe-C et Fe-N.Mössbauer spectra of Fe-N solid solutions reveal new environments which allow the accurate determination of the interstitial distributions in austenite (γ) and martensites (α') and (α"). The influence of vacancies is detected in γ'(Fe4N). The hyperfine pararneters are compared to other published values for Fe-C and Fe-N
MĂ©canismes de corrosion sous contrainte de l'alliage 600 polycristallin et monocristallin en milieu primaire : rĂŽle de l'hydrogĂšne
This study aims to identify stress corrosion mechanisms of alloy 600 in a primary environment. The work was built around two main lines of research: on the one hand to specify the influence of hydrogen on the csc of industrial polycrystalline alloy 600 and on the other hand, to study the steps of priming and crack propagation through the use of polycrystals and single crystals. In slow traction, a cathodic polarization has no effect on the initiation of cracks. On the other hand, the slow propagation speed increases by a factor of 2 to 5. The effect of this factor as well as of the hardened layer and of a hydrogen content of 25 cm # 3 tpn / kg is to make it possible to reach the k # i # c # s # c and therefore the stage of rapid propagation. The study of the behavior of 600 alloy single crystals in a primary medium shows that the initiation of transgranular cracks is impossible, whereas their propagation is possible on pre-cracked specimens. Transgranular cracks have a crystallographic appearance similar to that of stainless steels in mgcl # 2 medium. In addition, some results make it possible to specify the conditions of the cracking. First, the repassivation currents of alloy 600 decrease as the hydrogen content of the medium increases. This effect is not correlated with sensitivity to the csc. A direct role of hydrogen in aqueous solution on the dissolution is not sufficient to explain the cracking. Secondly, the mechanical behavior of the alloy 600 previously charged with hydrogen is no longer affected by the fph beyond 200c. Thirdly, several results show that the intergranular slip is only a marker of the mechanical sensitivity of the grain boundaries of the alloy 600. All of these results make it possible to draw several conclusions on the mechanisms proposed for the CSC of the alloy. alloy 600. Concerning initiation, a direct contribution of the internal oxidation or hydrogen absorbs is possible. At the propagation level, it is now possible to rule out the mechanisms of dissolution, internal oxidation and global embrittlement by hydrogen. On the other hand, the corrosion enhanced plasticity model, based on interactions between hydrogen and deformation, makes it possible to explain the propagation of csc cracks of alloy 600.Cette étude a pour objectif d'identifier les mécanismes de corrosion sous contrainte de l'alliage 600 en milieu primaire. Le travail s'est construit autour de deux axes de recherche principaux : d'une part préciser l'influence de l'hydrogÚne sur la csc de l'alliage 600 polycristallin industriel et d'autre part, étudier les étapes d'amorçage et de propagation des fissures via l'utilisation de polycristaux et de monocristaux. En traction lente, une polarisation cathodique n'a pas d'effet sur l'amorçage des fissures. En revanche, la vitesse de propagation lente augmente d'un facteur 2 a 5. L'effet de ce facteur ainsi que de la couche écrouie et d'une teneur en hydrogÚne de 25 cm#3 tpn/kg est de permettre d'atteindre le k#i#c#s#c et donc le stade de propagation rapide. L'étude du comportement de monocristaux d'alliage 600 en milieu primaire montre que l'amorçage de fissures transgranulaires est impossible, alors que leur propagation est possible sur des éprouvettes préfissurees. Les fissures transgranulaires présentent un aspect cristallographique proche de celui des aciers inoxydables en milieu mgcl#2. De plus, certains résultats permettent de préciser les conditions de la fissuration. PremiÚrement, les courants de repassivation de l'alliage 600 diminuent lorsque la teneur du milieu en hydrogÚne augmente. Cet effet n'est pas correlé a la sensibilité a la csc. Un rÎle direct de l'hydrogÚne en solution aqueuse sur la dissolution ne suffit donc pas a expliquer la fissuration. DeuxiÚmement, le comportement mécanique de l'alliage 600 préalablement charge en hydrogÚne n'est plus affecte par la fph au-delà de 200c. TroisiÚmement, plusieurs résultats montrent que le glissement intergranulaire n'est qu'un marqueur de la sensibilité mécanique des joints de grains de l'alliage 600. L'ensemble de ces résultats permet de tirer plusieurs conclusions sur les mécanismes proposes pour la csc de l'alliage 600. Concernant l'amorçage, une contribution directe de l'oxydation interne ou de l'hydrogÚne absorbe est envisageable. Au niveau de la propagation, il est désormais possible d'écarter les mécanismes de dissolution, d'oxydation interne et de fragilisation globale par l'hydrogÚne. En revanche, le corrosion enhanced plasticity model, base sur des interactions entre l'hydrogÚne et la déformation, permet d'expliquer la propagation des fissures de csc de l'alliage 600
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