The Influence of Parental Dietary Behaviors and Practices on Children’s Eating Habits

Poor dietary habits established during childhood might persist into adulthood, increasing the risk of developing obesity and obesity-related complications such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It has been found that early modifications in eating habits, especially during childhood, might promote health and decrease the risk of developing diseases during later life. Various studies found a great influence of parental dietary habits on dietary behaviors of their children regardless of demographic characteristics such as gender, age, socioeconomic status and country; however, the exact mechanism is still not clear. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to investigate both parents' and children's dietary behaviors, and to provide evidence for the potential influence of parents' dietary behaviors and practices on certain children's eating habits. Family meals were found to contribute the most in modeling children's dietary habits as they represent an important moment of control and interaction between parents and their children. The parental practices that influenced their children most were role modeling and moderate restriction, suggesting that the increase of parental encouragement and decrease of excessive pressure could have a positive impact in their children's dietary behaviors. This narrative review highlights that parental child-feeding behaviors should receive more attention in research studies as modifiable risk factors, which could help to design future dietary interventions and policies to prevent dietary-related diseases

Intervenciones dietéticas coadyuvantes en el tratamiento del hipotiroidismo en mujeres: Revisión bibliográfica

El hipotiroidismo es un trastorno resultante de una actividad insuficiente en la hormona tiroidea, la cual es necesaria para el mantenimiento de las funciones metabólicas del organismo. No obstante, esta enfermedad puede ser producida por una afectación de la propia glándula tiroidea, que constituirá un hipotiroidismo primario, o por alteraciones en la producción o secreción de la tirotropina (TSH) hipofisaria, resultando un hipotiroidismo secundario, entre otros.En este trastorno, existe un ritmo de metabolismo lento que puede ocasionar el aumento de peso corporal (predominando una retención de agua y sal sobre el aumento de la grasa corporal). Algunos alimentos favorecen el funcionamiento de la glándula tiroides y otros interfieren directamente en su función o impiden la absorción intestinal de la hormona tiroidea.El objetivo de este TFG es sintetizar y analizar estudios para recopilar el entendimiento del hipotiroidismo como enfermedad y la contribución de los patrones dietéticos y los tipos de alimentos como coadyuvantes en el tratamiento de esta.<br /

Efectos de la dieta, probióticos y prebióticos en la salud intestinal. Revisión bibliográfica.

Un gran número de interacciones y procesos ocurren en el intestino, el mismo órgano y las bacterias que contiene desempeñan un papel importante en la defensa de patógenos para garantizar así el correcto funcionamiento del sistema gastrointestinal.La microbiota intestinal nos protege de distintos agentes patógenos a través del efecto barrera y el antagonismo microbiano. Por ello, garantizar el buen equilibrio microbiano es fundamental para la salud intestinal.Es bien sabido que la dieta afecta a la microbiota intestinal, sin embargo, los efectos de sus componentes y de su acción sobre marcadores inflamatorios aún no se comprende completamente.En la presente revisión bibliográfica se buscará revisar la evidencia en la literatura respecto a los efectos de la dieta, los probióticos y prebióticos sobre la salud intestinal. Para ello, se ha seguido una metodología adecuada en cuanto a la selección de artículos y la relevancia de estos para así obtener la información actualizada sobre el tema en cuestión.<br /

Breakfast characteristics and their association with energy, macronutrients, and food intake in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Breakfast plays an important role in health because it has been associated with overall health, which includes a high daily nutrient intake and a low risk of chronic diseases. For this reason, we investigated the associations between breakfast consumption and daily energy, macronutrients, and food and beverage consumption. We systematically searched peer-reviewed articles in three datasets (Pubmed, Scopus, and Cochrane). Two independent reviewers evaluated 3188 studies against the inclusion criteria using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) critical appraisal and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodologies. The meta-analysis was performed by comparing results based on type of breakfast consumed (ready to eat cereal breakfasts or other types of breakfasts). Ultimately, 38 studies were included in the review and 7 of them in the energy and macronutrients intake meta-analysis. In the Systematic Review, breakfast consumers had higher energy intake (EI), fibre intake, and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables and lower consumption of soft drinks than breakfast skippers. In the Meta-Analysis, breakfast consumers had a higher carbohydrates intake (MD, -8.21; 95%CI: -11.37, -5.05) and fibre intake (MD, -8.43; 95%CI: -12.63, -4.23) than breakfast skippers. However, breakfast consumers had a lower fat intake (MD, 4.59; 95%CI: 2.04, 7.15). Our review suggests that breakfast consumption is associated with better macronutrient intake and healthier food and beverage consumption

Influences of Parental Snacking-Related Attitudes, Behaviours and Nutritional Knowledge on Young Children's Healthy and Unhealthy Snacking:The ToyBox Study

This study investigated parental influences on preschool children’s healthy and unhealthy snacking in relation to child obesity in a large cross-sectional multinational sample. Parents and 3– 5 year-old child dyads (n = 5185) in a kindergarten-based study provided extensive sociodemographic, dietary practice and food intake data. Parental feeding practices that were derived from questionnaires were examined for associations with child healthy and unhealthy snacking in adjusted multilevel models, including child estimated energy expenditure, parental education, and nutritional knowledge. Parental healthy and unhealthy snacking was respectively associated with their children’s snacking (both p < 0.0001). Making healthy snacks available to their children was specifically associated with greater child healthy snack intake (p < 0.0001). Conversely, practices that were related to unhealthy snacking, i.e., being permissive about unhealthy snacking and acceding to child demands for unhealthy snacks, were associated with greater consumption of unhealthy snacks by children, but also less intake of healthy snacks (all p < 0.0001). Parents having more education and greater nutritional knowledge of snack food recommendations had children who ate more healthy snacks (all p < 0.0001) and fewer unhealthy snacks (p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, respectively). In the adjusted models, child obesity was not related to healthy or unhealthy snack intake in these young children. The findings support interventions that address parental practices and distinguish between healthy and unhealthy snacking to influence young children’s dietary patterns

Contribution of home availability, parental child-feeding practices and health beliefs on children’s sweets and salty snacks consumption in Europe: Feel4Diabetes-Study

The Feel4Diabetes-Study has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement: n degrees 643708). The content of this article reflects only the authors' views, and the European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The funding body had no role in the design of this study and collection, analysis and interpretation of the data and inwriting this manuscript.Adoption of healthy dietary and snacking habits could support optimum physical and mental development in children as they define health in adulthood. This study assessed parameters associated with children’s snacking such as food home availability, parenting practices, and parents’ health beliefs. In this cross-sectional study 12, 039 children, 49.4% boys 5-12 years old, participating in the European Feel4Diabetes-Study were included. Children’s weekly consumption of sweets and salty snacks, home availability of snacks, food parenting practices, and health beliefs were assessed via questionnaires. Logistic regression was applied to explore associations of a) home availability of snacks, b) food parenting practices (permissiveness and rewarding with snacks) and c) parent’s opinions on deterministic health beliefs with children’s consumption of sweets and salty snacks. Results showed that home availability (sweets: ORadj 4.76, 95%CI: 4.32, 5.23; salty snacks: ORadj: 6.56, 95%CI: 5.64, 7.61), allowing to consume (sweets: ORadj: 3.29, 95%CI: 2.95, 3.67; salty snacks: ORadj: 3.41, 95%CI: 2.98, 3.90) and rewarding with sweets/salty snacks (sweets: ORadj: 2.69, 95%CI: 2.23, 3.24; salty snacks: ORadj: 4.34, 95%CI: 3.57, 5.28) ‘sometimes/or less frequently’ compared to ‘always/or often’ were associated with lower weekly consumption of sweets and snacks. Parents’ disagreement compared to agreement with deterministic health beliefs and inattentive eating were associated with lower consumption of salty snacks and sweets in children. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that attempts to promote healthy snacking habits in children should aim to improve parental dietary habits, food parenting practices, health beliefs, and reducing home availability of unhealthy foods and snacks.European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program 64370

Longitudinal Associations between Food Parenting Practices and Dietary Intake in Children: The Feel4Diabetes Study

Food parenting practices (FPPs) have an important role in shaping children’s dietary behaviors. This study aimed to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations over a twoyear follow-up between FPP and dietary intake and compliance with current recommendations in 6- to 11-year-old European children. A total of 2967 parent-child dyads from the Feel4Diabetes study, a randomized controlled trial of a school and community-based intervention, (50.4% girls and 93.5% mothers) were included. FPPs assessed were: (1) home food availability; (2) parental role modeling of fruit intake; (3) permissiveness; (4) using food as a reward. Children’s dietary intake was assessed through a parent-reported food frequency questionnaire. In regression analyses, the strongest cross-sectional associations were observed between home availability of 100% fruit juice and corresponding intake (β = 0.492 in girls and β = 0.506 in boys, p < 0.001), and between parental role modeling of fruit intake and children’s fruit intake (β = 0.431 in girls and β = 0.448 in boys, p < 0.001). In multilevel logistic regression models, results indicated that improvements in positive FPPs over time were mainly associated with higher odds of compliance with healthy food recommendations, whereas a decrease in negative FPP over time was associated with higher odds of complying with energy-dense/nutrient-poor food recommendations. Improving FPPs could be an effective way to improve children’s dietary intake.European Union’s Horizon 2020Aragón’s Regional Government (Diputación General de Aragón, DGA

Development and reliability of questionnaires for the assessment of diet and physical activity behaviors in a multi-country sample in Europe the Feel4Diabetes Study

L

Rapid Weight Gain, Infant Feeding Practices, and Subsequent Body Mass Index Trajectories: The CALINA Study

We aimed to study growth patterns according to rapid weight gain (RWG) and infant feeding practices during the first 120 days and whether infant feeding practices mediated the association between RWG in the first semester of life and subsequent body mass index (BMI) z-score in children from age 1 to 6. (1) Methods: 862 children from the Growth and Feeding during Lactation and Early Childhood in Children of Aragon study (CALINA in Spanish) were examined. Repeated-measures ANOVA analyses were conducted to assess growth trajectories according to RWG and type of feeding practice. The product of coefficients mediation method was used to assess the potential contribution of infant feeding practices to the association between RWG and BMI z-score. Mediation models were conducted using IBM SPSS-PROCESS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. (2) Results: BMI and weight z-score trajectories were significantly higher in the RWG group and the formula-fed group. No significant differences were found regarding height. Infant feeding practices did not mediate the association between RWG and BMI z-score but were associated with BMI at 6 years. (3) Conclusions: Infant feeding practices and RWG determine different growth trajectories of BMI and weight during childhood. Although infant feeding practices did not mediate the association between early RWG and BMI later in life, formula feeding is independently related to higher BMI growth patterns later in childhood

Comparación del índice glicémico de tres variedades de Chenopodium Quinoa Wildenow (quinua): Salcedo INIA, INIA 420 Negra Collana e INIA 415 Roja Pasankalla

Objetivo: Comparar el Índice Glicémico (IG) de tres variedades de Chenopodium Quinoa Wildenow (CQW) provenientes de Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuasi-experimental de acuerdo a la norma ISO 26642:2010(E), en 26 adultos voluntarios aparentemente sanos residentes en Lima, Perú. Las variables de exposición fueron tres variedades de quinua: CQW Blanca Salcedo (CQW–B), CQW Negra Collana (CQW–N) y CQW Roja Pasankalla (CQW–R). Se tomaron muestras de sangre capilar en siete momentos durante un periodo de dos horas y se analizaron mediante el método de glucosa oxidasa. La estimación del IG se basó en las áreas bajo la curva obtenidas mediante el método trapezoidal. La comparación de los valores de IG se realizó mediante el múltiple análisis de varianza para muestras dependientes (MANOVA). Resultados: El IG de CQW - B y CQW – N, fueron clasificadas como de IG medio, con valores de 63,1 ± 22,3 y 62,3 ± 22,5 respectivamente, y la CQW - R fue clasificada como de IG alto, con un valor de 74,8 ± 29,7. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto para los valores crudos (p= 0,33), como ajustados por edad y sexo (p= 0,27) entre los IG de las tres variadades de quinua. Conclusiones: El IG de las variedades de quinua estudiadas no es bajo y podría ser incorporado en la dietoterapia de pacientes que requieran del control glicémico, mediante un control adecuado de porciones asesorado por un profesional de la salud capacitado.Objective: To compare the glycemic index (GI) of three varieties of Chenopodium Quinoa Wildenow (CQW) from Peru. Materials and methods: - 26 participants apparently healthy volunteers living in Lima: a quasi-experimental study according to the ISO 26642 standard was conducted. Exposure variables were three varieties of quinoa: Blanca CQW Salcedo (CQW - B), CQW Black Collana (CQW - N) and CQW Red Pasankalla (CQW - R). Capillary blood samples were taken seven times over a period of two hours and analyzed by the glucose oxidase method. IG estimation was based on the areas under the curve obtained by the trapezoidal method. The comparison of GI values was performed by multiple analysis of variance for dependent samples (MANOVA). Results: The GI of CQW - B and CQW - N were classified as medium-GI, with values of 63.1 ± 22.3 and 62.3 ± 22.5 respectively, and CQW - R was classified as high-GI with a value of 74.8 ± 29.7. No statistically significant both crude level (p = 0.33) differences were found, as adjusted by age and sex (p = 0.27). Conclusion: IG quinoa varieties studied is not low and therefore should be incorporated in the diet therapy of patients requiring glycemic control through proper portion control advice from a dietitian nutritionist.Tesi