0130: Mortality related to cardiogenic shock in critically ill patients in France, 1997-2012

IntroductionMost of data reporting epidemiology of cardiogenic shock (CS) concern patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted in intensive care unit of cardiology. However, CS patients managed in critical care unit (CCU) have often multiorgan failure and seem to have different characteristics and outcome. To our best knowledge no study reported characteristics and clinical outcomes of CS patients admitted in CCU.AimTo report key features, Mortality and Trends in mortality in a large cohort of patients with CS admitting in 33 French CCUs from 1997 to 2012.Methods and resultsWe queried the 1997–2012 database of Parisian area ICUs-the CubRea (Intensive Care Database User Group) database to identify all hospital stays with a principal or an associated diagnosis of CS (National classification of disease R 570). Among 303 314 hospital stays, 17 494 (5.8%) were CS. The patients were managed in 60% of cases in universitary centers. Mean age was 64.3±17.0. Men accounted for 11047 (63.1%). Mean SAPS II was 62.0±24.3. Among CS, only 535 (3.06%) were AMI whereas 2685 (15.3%) were cardiac arrest and 858 (4.9%) were drug intoxications. Mechanical ventilation was required in 12967 (74.1%) of cases, inotropes in 14640 (83.7%) of cases and renal support in 3886 (22.2%) of cases. Mean duration of hospital was 19.1 days±24.7. Intrahospital Mortality was high (46.2%). Predictors of intrahospital death are reported in Table. Over the 15-year period, mortality decreased (49.8% in 1997-2000 and 42.7% in 2009-2012, p<0.001) whereas the patients were more critically ill (SAPS II 58.8±25.4 in 1997-2000 vs 64.2 8±23.6 in 2009-2012, p<0.001).Conclusionit is the first study reporting the prevalence, determinants and prognostic factors of CS patients managed in reanimation. The mortality of these very critically ill patients remains high. However over the 15-year period, even if these patients are more and more critically ill, early mortality decreased.Abstratct 0130 – TableVariablesOR95% CIDrug intoxication.307.236.401Age (<60 yo).436.383.496Mechanical circulatory support.681.3781.228Sepsis.715.637.8022009-2012.998.8851.125SAPS II1.0361.0331.038Acidosis1.4531.2641.670Mechanical ventilation1.7181.4831.990Acute respiratory distress syndrome1.7941.5582.0661997-20001.8141.4522.267Hemodialysis1.8201.6092.060Inotropic use1.9821.1133.530Disseminated intravascular coagulation2.1191.5912.822Cardiac arrest4.3333.8404.88

Foamy Macrophages from Tuberculous Patients' Granulomas Constitute a Nutrient-Rich Reservoir for M. tuberculosis Persistence

Tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by a tight interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host cells within granulomas. These cellular aggregates restrict bacterial spreading, but do not kill all the bacilli, which can persist for years. In-depth investigation of M. tuberculosis interactions with granuloma-specific cell populations are needed to gain insight into mycobacterial persistence, and to better understand the physiopathology of the disease. We have analyzed the formation of foamy macrophages (FMs), a granuloma-specific cell population characterized by its high lipid content, and studied their interaction with the tubercle bacillus. Within our in vitro human granuloma model, M. tuberculosis long chain fatty acids, namely oxygenated mycolic acids (MA), triggered the differentiation of human monocyte-derived macrophages into FMs. In these cells, mycobacteria no longer replicated and switched to a dormant non-replicative state. Electron microscopy observation of M. tuberculosis–infected FMs showed that the mycobacteria-containing phagosomes migrate towards host cell lipid bodies (LB), a process which culminates with the engulfment of the bacillus into the lipid droplets and with the accumulation of lipids within the microbe. Altogether, our results suggest that oxygenated mycolic acids from M. tuberculosis play a crucial role in the differentiation of macrophages into FMs. These cells might constitute a reservoir used by the tubercle bacillus for long-term persistence within its human host, and could provide a relevant model for the screening of new antimicrobials against non-replicating persistent mycobacteria

Pulmonary vascular dysfunction and right ventricle dysfunction during acute respiratory distress syndrome : echocardiographic evaluation.

Contexte: Le syndrome de détresse respiratoire aigüe (SDRA) est associé à une dysfonction vasculaire pulmonaire. Objectifs: Préciser le retentissement cardiaque de cette dysfonction vasculaire pulmonaire en recherchant la fréquence et le pronostic du foramen ovale perméable, du passage transpulmonaire de bulles en échographie de contraste, du cœur pulmonaire aigu (CPA), de la dysfonction systolique ventriculaire droite ainsi que de la déformation ventriculaire gauche au cours du SDRA. Nous avons aussi évalué la tolérance hémodynamique de la ventilation en Pression Expiratoire Positive (PEP) élevée. Méthodes: Les explorations étaient menées par échographie trans-œsophagienne (ETO) traditionnelle et en signature acoustique. Résultats: La faisabilité de l'ETO en décubitus ventral est bonne. Le foramen ovale perméable, détecté chez 19% des patients, est associé à une moins bonne réponse à l'augmentation de la PEP et à un recours aux thérapeutiques de sauvetage plus fréquent. Le passage de bulles transpulmonaire ne rend pas compte du seul shunt intra-pulmonaire anatomique, et dépend plus des conditions hémodynamiques (augmentation du débit cardiaque associée au sepsis) que de la ventilation. Le CPA, retrouvé chez 22% des patients, est associé à une pression motrice plus élevée, et au sepsis ; il est fréquemment associé à une insuffisance circulatoire, avec une mortalité plus élevée à J28. La quantification de la déformation ventriculaire gauche systolique par l'index d'excentricité est un bon marqueur de CPA, mais pas la dysfonction contractile ventriculaire droite évaluée en signature acoustique. Enfin, nous n'avons pas retrouvé de lien robuste entre la tolérance hémodynamique et l'efficacité respiratoire (recrutement alvéolaire) des niveaux de PEP élevés, sous réserve d'un nombre limité de patients. Conclusion: Les conséquences cardiaques de la dysfonction vasculaire pulmonaire restent fréquentes et associées à un pronostic péjoratif, avec des implications respiratoires et circulatoires.Context: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to pulmonary vascular dysfunction Aims: We assessed cardiac consequences of pulmonary vascular dysfunction by detecting patent foramen ovale and transpulmonary bubbles transit using contrast echocardiography, acute cor pulmonale, right ventricle systolic dysfunction and left ventricle deformation during ARDS. We also assessed hemodynamic tolerance of high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Methods: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed with standard measurements and speckle tracking. Results: TEE could be safely performed in prone position. Patent foramen ovale was detected in 19% of patients, and was associated with a poor oxygenation response to PEEP, and greater use of adjunctive interventions. Transpulmonary bubbles transit was not solely related to anatomical intrapulmonary shunt, but was merely influenced by hemodynamic status (increased cardiac output associated with sepsis). Acute cor pulmonale occurred in 22% of patients, and was associated with a higher driving pressure and with sepsis; it was often associated with circulatory failure, with higher day-28 mortality. Left ventricle systolic deformation (evaluated by eccentricity index) but not right ventricle contractile impairment (evaluated with speckle tracking) was associated with acute cor pulmonale. Finally, we did not find a robust relation between hemodynamic tolerance and alveolar recruitment with higher PEEP levels, but the limited number of patients restricted the power of the analysis. Conclusion: Cardiac consequences of pulmonary vascular dysfunction remain frequent and associated with a poorer prognosis, with respiratory and circulatory implications

Particles deposition during the cross-flow microfiltration of red wines-incidence of the hydrodynamic conditions and of the yeast to fines ratio

International audienceThe aim of the present study was to investigate the respective impact of wine particles, i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and fines (lactic bacteria and colloidal aggregates), on the performances of cross-flow microfiltration under different permeate flux rate/wall shear stress conditions. Yeast were grown in a synthetic red wine and their surface properties characterized. The cells exhibited a hydrophilic character and were uncharged in the wine conditions. Yeast and fine behaviors were first investigated separately and then compared to that of their mixture. The shear induced diffusion theory well accounted for the whole evolution of the performances under the application of different hydrodynamic conditions. These performances were related to the deposit structure, which reversibility was experienced by alternating high and low TMP steps, and by SEM observations of the membrane surface. Yeast alone always formed reversible deposits, in relation with their surface properties. By contrast, fines formed a coherent and adherent cake above a given TMP. When yeast and fines were processed together, the TMP stepping mode strongly influenced the composition, final resistance and reversibility of the deposi

Le RT14 et ses frontières. Esquisse pour une auto-analyse

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The Carbon Monoxide Extended Source in Comet Hale-Bopp Revisited

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The Carbon Monoxide Extended Source in Comet Hale-Bopp Revisited

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The Carbon Monoxide Extended Source in Comet Hale-Bopp Revisited

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