Resting-state functional MRI in stroke patients : from functional connectivity to disability

L’étude des réseaux cérébraux en IRM fonctionnelle au repos est de plus en plus utilisée chez les patients victimes d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux. La majorité des études se sont focalisés sur les déficits moteurs, attentionnels ou phasiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l’impact du handicap global sur la connectivité fonctionnelle de grands réseaux corticaux à la phase subaiguë d’infarctus cérébraux. Ce travail a porté sur 50 patients ayant subi un premier infarctus sus-tentoriel (29 hommes, 22 AIC gauche, 57 ± 14 ans, délai médian après l’AIC = 4.5 semaines) et 75 témoins (27 hommes, 55 ± 15 ans). Sept réseaux de repos ont été étudiés à partir d’une analyse en graine et nous avons distingué pour chacun les connectivités fonctionnelles interhémisphérique, ipsi et contralésionnelle. Les 22 patients sans handicap (mRS = 0/1) avaient une connectivité normale alors qu’une diminution diffuse et bilatérale était observée chez les 28 patients avec handicap, expliquant 22% de la variance. Les analyses post-hoc ont montré que ces différences s’observaient essentiellement entre les patients sans handicap et ceux avec handicap léger et portaient surtout sur le mode par défaut et un réseau exécutif. Nous avons calculé pour chacun un score d’intégrité de la connectivité fonctionnelle permettant de résumer l’ensemble de ces altérations. Cet outil simple permettait de prédire le handicap résiduel avec une spécificité de 91% et une sensibilité de 86%. Nous avons donc observé une diminution diffuse de la connectivité fonctionnelle des réseaux de repos chez les patients ayant un handicap résiduel, alors qu’une connectivité normale marquait un excellent pronostic fonctionnel.Resting-state functional MRI is increasingly used to investigate brain networks in stroke patients. Most studies focused specifically on motor, attentional and language deficits. Here we have investigated the relationships between global post-stroke disability and functional connectivity of seven major cortical networks in subacute ischemic stroke patients. We have studied 50 patients with first-ever unilateral hemispheric stroke (29 men, 22 left strokes, 57 ± 14 years) with a median post-stroke delay of 4.5 weeks and 75 healthy volunteers (27 men, 55 ± 15 years). Seven cortical networks were characterized with a seed-based approach and for each network we distinguished inter-hemispheric, ipsi- and contra-lesional functional connectivity. The 22 patients without disability (modified Rankin’s scale 0-1) had normal functional connectivity in all networks whereas the 28 disabled patients had widespread and bilateral decreases in functional connectivity explaining 22 % of the variance. Secondary analyses showed that abnormalities mainly differentiate no disability from mild disability and may predominate in default-mode and top-down control networks. We have computed for each subject a functional connectivity index that summarizes all these abnormalities. This simple tool was strongly predictive of residual disability with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 86%. In conclusion, widespread and bilateral alterations in cortical connectivity occur in disabled subacute stroke patients, whereas normal indicate excellent global outcome

IRM fonctionnelle au repos après un accident ischémique : de la connectivité fonctionnelle au handicap

Resting-state functional MRI is increasingly used to investigate brain networks in stroke patients. Most studies focused specifically on motor, attentional and language deficits. Here we have investigated the relationships between global post-stroke disability and functional connectivity of seven major cortical networks in subacute ischemic stroke patients. We have studied 50 patients with first-ever unilateral hemispheric stroke (29 men, 22 left strokes, 57 ± 14 years) with a median post-stroke delay of 4.5 weeks and 75 healthy volunteers (27 men, 55 ± 15 years). Seven cortical networks were characterized with a seed-based approach and for each network we distinguished inter-hemispheric, ipsi- and contra-lesional functional connectivity. The 22 patients without disability (modified Rankin’s scale 0-1) had normal functional connectivity in all networks whereas the 28 disabled patients had widespread and bilateral decreases in functional connectivity explaining 22 % of the variance. Secondary analyses showed that abnormalities mainly differentiate no disability from mild disability and may predominate in default-mode and top-down control networks. We have computed for each subject a functional connectivity index that summarizes all these abnormalities. This simple tool was strongly predictive of residual disability with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 86%. In conclusion, widespread and bilateral alterations in cortical connectivity occur in disabled subacute stroke patients, whereas normal indicate excellent global outcome.L’étude des réseaux cérébraux en IRM fonctionnelle au repos est de plus en plus utilisée chez les patients victimes d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux. La majorité des études se sont focalisés sur les déficits moteurs, attentionnels ou phasiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l’impact du handicap global sur la connectivité fonctionnelle de grands réseaux corticaux à la phase subaiguë d’infarctus cérébraux. Ce travail a porté sur 50 patients ayant subi un premier infarctus sus-tentoriel (29 hommes, 22 AIC gauche, 57 ± 14 ans, délai médian après l’AIC = 4.5 semaines) et 75 témoins (27 hommes, 55 ± 15 ans). Sept réseaux de repos ont été étudiés à partir d’une analyse en graine et nous avons distingué pour chacun les connectivités fonctionnelles interhémisphérique, ipsi et contralésionnelle. Les 22 patients sans handicap (mRS = 0/1) avaient une connectivité normale alors qu’une diminution diffuse et bilatérale était observée chez les 28 patients avec handicap, expliquant 22% de la variance. Les analyses post-hoc ont montré que ces différences s’observaient essentiellement entre les patients sans handicap et ceux avec handicap léger et portaient surtout sur le mode par défaut et un réseau exécutif. Nous avons calculé pour chacun un score d’intégrité de la connectivité fonctionnelle permettant de résumer l’ensemble de ces altérations. Cet outil simple permettait de prédire le handicap résiduel avec une spécificité de 91% et une sensibilité de 86%. Nous avons donc observé une diminution diffuse de la connectivité fonctionnelle des réseaux de repos chez les patients ayant un handicap résiduel, alors qu’une connectivité normale marquait un excellent pronostic fonctionnel

IRM fonctionnelle au repos après un accident ischémique : de la connectivité fonctionnelle au handicap

Resting-state functional MRI is increasingly used to investigate brain networks in stroke patients. Most studies focused specifically on motor, attentional and language deficits. Here we have investigated the relationships between global post-stroke disability and functional connectivity of seven major cortical networks in subacute ischemic stroke patients. We have studied 50 patients with first-ever unilateral hemispheric stroke (29 men, 22 left strokes, 57 ± 14 years) with a median post-stroke delay of 4.5 weeks and 75 healthy volunteers (27 men, 55 ± 15 years). Seven cortical networks were characterized with a seed-based approach and for each network we distinguished inter-hemispheric, ipsi- and contra-lesional functional connectivity. The 22 patients without disability (modified Rankin’s scale 0-1) had normal functional connectivity in all networks whereas the 28 disabled patients had widespread and bilateral decreases in functional connectivity explaining 22 % of the variance. Secondary analyses showed that abnormalities mainly differentiate no disability from mild disability and may predominate in default-mode and top-down control networks. We have computed for each subject a functional connectivity index that summarizes all these abnormalities. This simple tool was strongly predictive of residual disability with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 86%. In conclusion, widespread and bilateral alterations in cortical connectivity occur in disabled subacute stroke patients, whereas normal indicate excellent global outcome.L’étude des réseaux cérébraux en IRM fonctionnelle au repos est de plus en plus utilisée chez les patients victimes d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux. La majorité des études se sont focalisés sur les déficits moteurs, attentionnels ou phasiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l’impact du handicap global sur la connectivité fonctionnelle de grands réseaux corticaux à la phase subaiguë d’infarctus cérébraux. Ce travail a porté sur 50 patients ayant subi un premier infarctus sus-tentoriel (29 hommes, 22 AIC gauche, 57 ± 14 ans, délai médian après l’AIC = 4.5 semaines) et 75 témoins (27 hommes, 55 ± 15 ans). Sept réseaux de repos ont été étudiés à partir d’une analyse en graine et nous avons distingué pour chacun les connectivités fonctionnelles interhémisphérique, ipsi et contralésionnelle. Les 22 patients sans handicap (mRS = 0/1) avaient une connectivité normale alors qu’une diminution diffuse et bilatérale était observée chez les 28 patients avec handicap, expliquant 22% de la variance. Les analyses post-hoc ont montré que ces différences s’observaient essentiellement entre les patients sans handicap et ceux avec handicap léger et portaient surtout sur le mode par défaut et un réseau exécutif. Nous avons calculé pour chacun un score d’intégrité de la connectivité fonctionnelle permettant de résumer l’ensemble de ces altérations. Cet outil simple permettait de prédire le handicap résiduel avec une spécificité de 91% et une sensibilité de 86%. Nous avons donc observé une diminution diffuse de la connectivité fonctionnelle des réseaux de repos chez les patients ayant un handicap résiduel, alors qu’une connectivité normale marquait un excellent pronostic fonctionnel

Axial Diffusivity of the Corona Radiata at 24 Hours Post-Stroke: A New Biomarker for Motor and Global Outcome

International audienceFractional anisotropy (FA) is an effective marker of motor outcome at the chronic stage of stroke yet proves to be less efficient at early time points. This study aims to determine which diffusion metric in which location is the best marker of long-term stroke outcome after throm-bolysis with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 24 hours post-stroke. Twenty-eight thrombo-lyzed patients underwent DTI at 24 hours post-stroke onset. Ipsilesional and contralesional FA, mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial (RD) diffusivities values were calculated in different Regions-of-Interest (ROIs): (1) the white matter underlying the precentral gyrus (M1), (2) the corona radiata (CoRad), (3) the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) and (4) the cerebral peduncles (CP). NIHSS scores were acquired at admission, day 1, and day 7; modified Rankin Scores (mRS) at 3 months. Significant decreases were found in FA, MD, and AD of the ipsilesional CoRad and M1. MD and AD were also significantly lower in the PLIC. The ratio of ipsi and contralesional AD of the CoRad (CoRad-rAD) was the strongest diffusion parameter correlated with motor NIHSS scores on day 7 and with the mRS at 3 months. A Receiver-Operator Curve analysis yielded a model for the CoRad-rAD to predict good outcome based on upper limb NIHSS motor scores and mRS with high specificity and sensitivity. FA values were not correlated with clinical outcome. In conclusion, axial diffusiv-ity of the CoRad from clinical DTI at 24 hours post-stroke is the most appropriate diffusion metric for quantifying stroke damage to predict outcome, suggesting the importance of early axonal damage

Positive and Negative Predictive Values for good outcome as a function of CoRad-rAD values.

<p>The positive predictive values (PPV in green) correspond to the CoRad-rAD values above the threshold (x-axis). The negative predictive values (NPV in red) correspond to the CoRad-rAD values below the threshold. (A) Good outcome is assessed by NIHSS item 5 for upper limb (UL) scores 0–1 at day 7 post-stroke. (B) Very good outcome is assessed by mRS ≤ 1 at 3 months post-stroke. (C) Good outcome is assessed by mRS ≤ 2.</p

Regions-of-Interest for extraction of diffusion parameters.

<p>A preview of the Regions-of-Interest (in red) used in the analysis overlaid on the FMRIB58 fractional anisotropy standard space image. (A) White matter underlying the pre-central gyrus. (B) Corona Radiata. (C) Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule (D) Cerebral Peduncles (E) Genu of the Corpus Callosum.</p

Infarct probability map of the patient cohort.

<p>Infarct probability map overlaid on a diffusion-weighted volume of a selected patient. Color map corresponds to the percentage of patients with infarcted tissue in a given voxel. Z-coordinates are in MNI space.</p

Receiver-Operator Curve (ROC) models for CoRad-rAD.

<p>ROC analyses presented are for an upper limb (UL) score of ≤ 1 at day 7 and a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of ≤ 1 and ≤ 2 at three months. The optimal threshold of CoRad-rAD (compromise between specificity and sensitivity) for each model is given with the associated area under the curve (AUC), accuracy (Acc), specificity (Spec), and sensitivity (Sens). For each model, the upper bound of 100% negative predictive power (NPV) and the lower bound of 100% positive predictive value (PPV) are given.</p><p>Receiver-Operator Curve (ROC) models for CoRad-rAD.</p

Characteristics of the included patients.

<p>UL = Upper Limb, LL = Lower Limb, MOT = UL+LL. SD = standard deviation. IQR = interquartile range.</p><p>Characteristics of the included patients.</p

Quantitative Signal Intensity in Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery and Treatment Effect in the WAKE-UP Trial

International audienceBackground and Purpose— Relative signal intensity of acute ischemic stroke lesions in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery relative signal intensity [FLAIR-rSI]) magnetic resonance imaging is associated with time elapsed since stroke onset with higher intensities signifying longer time intervals. In the randomized controlled WAKE-UP trial (Efficacy and Safety of MRI-Based Thrombolysis in Wake-Up Stroke Trial), intravenous alteplase was effective in patients with unknown onset stroke selected by visual assessment of diffusion weighted imaging fluid-attenuated inversion recovery mismatch, that is, in those with no marked fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity in the region of the acute diffusion weighted imaging lesion. In this post hoc analysis, we investigated whether quantitatively measured FLAIR-rSI modifies treatment effect of intravenous alteplase. Methods— FLAIR-rSI of stroke lesions was measured relative to signal intensity in a mirrored region in the contralesional hemisphere. The relationship between FLAIR-rSI and treatment effect on functional outcome assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) after 90 days was analyzed by binary logistic regression using different end points, that is, favorable outcome defined as mRS score of 0 to 1, independent outcome defined as mRS score of 0 to 2, ordinal analysis of mRS scores (shift analysis). All models were adjusted for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at symptom onset and stroke lesion volume. Results— FLAIR-rSI was successfully quantified in stroke lesions in 433 patients (86% of 503 patients included in WAKE-UP). Mean FLAIR-rSI was 1.06 (SD, 0.09). Interaction of FLAIR-rSI and treatment effect was not significant for mRS score of 0 to 1 ( P =0.169) and shift analysis ( P =0.086) but reached significance for mRS score of 0 to 2 ( P =0.004). We observed a smooth continuing trend of decreasing treatment effects in relation to clinical end points with increasing FLAIR-rSI. Conclusions— In patients in whom no marked parenchymal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity was detected by visual judgement in the WAKE-UP trial, higher FLAIR-rSI of diffusion weighted imaging lesions was associated with decreased treatment effects of intravenous thrombolysis. This parallels the known association of treatment effect and elapsing time of stroke onset