PULMONARY TUBERCUOLOSIS MORTALITY ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN REGION OF BRAZIL, 2015 TO 2020

Objetivo: Analisar dados sobre mortalidade por tuberculose pulmonar e analisar a incidência para os anos de 2015 a 2020 na região sudeste do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo ecológico que a coleta de dados consistiu em todas as mortes e internações por Tuberculose Pulmonar registradas no Sistema Único de Saúde, disponível no DATASUS. Resultados: Durante os anos estudados, na Região Sudeste os casos de internações por tuberculose pulmonar foram predominantemente maiores entre os homens e também nota-se que a faixa etária com maior número de internações é entre 40 e 59 anos. Houve maior aumento dessas taxas no estado do Rio de Janeiro (B= 4,57; p* =315; r²= 0,24), seguido por São Paulo ( β= 8,05; p*= 132; r²= 0,47) e Espírito Santo (β= 0,54; p*= 218; r²= 0,34).  Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que houve aumento das taxas de mortalidade por Tuberculose Pulmonar na Região Sudeste do Brasil.Objetivo: Analizar los datos sobre la mortalidad por tuberculosis pulmonar y analizar la incidencia para los años 2015 a 2020 en la región sudeste de Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo ecológico cuya recolección de datos consistió en todas las muertes y hospitalizaciones por Tuberculosis Pulmonar registradas en el Sistema Único de Salud, disponibles en el DATASUS. Resultados: Durante los años estudiados, en la Región Sureste los casos de hospitalizaciones por tuberculosis pulmonar fueron predominantemente mayores entre los hombres y también se observa que el grupo de edad con mayor número de hospitalizaciones se encuentra entre los 40 y los 59 años. Hubo un mayor aumento en estas tasas en el estado de Río de Janeiro (B= 4,57; p* = 315; r²= 0,24), seguido de São Paulo ( β = 8,05; p *= 132; r² = 0,47), y Espírito Santo (β = 0,54; p *= 218; r² = 0,34).  Conclusión: Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que hubo un aumento en las tasas de mortalidad por Tuberculosis Pulmonar en la Región Sudeste de Brasil.Objective: To analyze data on mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis and to analyze the incidence for the years 2015 to 2020 in the southeastern region of Brazil. Methods: Ecological descriptive study which data collection consisted of all deaths and hospitalizations for Pulmonary Tuberculosis registered in the Unified Health System, available on the DATASUS. Results: During the years studied, in the Southeastern Region cases of hospitalizations for pulmonary tuberculosis were predominantly higher among men and it is also noted that the age group with the highest number of hospitalizations is between 40 and 59 years old. There was a greater increase in these rates in the state of Rio de Janeiro (B= 4.57; p* =315; r²= 0.24), followed by São Paulo ( β= 8.05; p*= 132; r²= 0.47), and Espírito Santo (β= 0.54; p*= 218; r²= 0.34).  Conclusion: The results of the present study show that there was an increase in mortality rates from Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Southeastern Region Brazil

Pharmacological Actions of Citrus Species

The genus Citrus belongs to family Rutaceae, which is characterized by trees and bushes. Citrus species are extensively cultivated throughout the world because of their multiple health benefits for humans and their applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. This chapter is a survey covering in vitro and in vivo studies that demonstrate the pharmacological activities of various Citrus species. The species Citrus aurantium, Citrus sinensis, Citrus limon, and Citrus bergamia are well known and several studies have been carried out to evaluate the pharmacological effects of their extracts, essential oils, and isolated constituents. These studies have found that they possess anxiolytic, anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, anticancer, and anti‐infective properties

THERMOSTABILITY OF XYLANOLYTIC ENZYMES PRODUCED BY LENTINULA EDODES UFV70

Xylanolytic enzymes produced by Lentinula edodes UFV70, cultivated in eucalyptus sawdust/rice bran medium, were stable at 50, 60 and 65 degrees C for 21 hours, losing only 15-25% activity. Fungus incubation at 50 degrees C for 12 hours and at 65 degrees C for 24 hours increased the amount of xylose produced

Evaluation of food security and anti-hunger public policies in Brazil, 1995-2002 : 4 - National School Nutrition Program

Avaliou-se o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), na perspectiva de estrutura-processo-resultado. A metodologia envolveu pesquisa documental e estudo de caso em 45 municípios no Estado da Bahia, Brasil; com entrevistas a getores, visita a 73 escolas e inquérito domiciliar envolvendo 3.367 crianças de 7-14 anos. Quanto à estrutura, foi analisada a evolução normativa do PNAE e alguns aspectos da infra-estrutura. Gestores referiram instalações e equipamentos inadequados para preparar e distribuir refeições em 28% dos municípios. A municipalização estava presente em 93% dos casos, havendo 20% já em processo de escolarização; porém, em quase 70% das escolas havia repasse de gêneros alimentícios. A aceitabilidade da alimentação oferecida foi boa, resultado esperado frente à situação de pobreza da população estudada. Ainda que Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar estivessem constituídos, sua composição nem sempre representou um efetivo exercício democrático. Quanto a resultados, a cobertura foi expressiva - 95%, contudo 77% dos entrevistados do interior e 39% da capital relataram não receber alimentação todo dia. A irregularidade observada na oferta diária comprometeu a aspiração do programa efetivar-se como política social universal e um direito da criança.This study evaluated the Brazilian National School Nutrition Program from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research and a case study in 45 counties and 73 schools in the State of Bahia, including program manager interviews and household questionnaires involving 3,367 children (7-14 years of age). Relating to program structure, the study analyzed the evolution of normative instruments and some infrastructure aspects. Managers reported problems with the installations for preparing and distributing meals in 28% of the counties. Decentralization to the county (municipal) level was present in 93% of cases and to the school level in about 20%; however, nearly 70% of the schools received the food supplies directly. Although Social Control Councils were created, members were not always chosen democratically. Acceptability of the meals was good, as expected considering the widespread poverty in the target population. Overall program coverage was high (95%), but 77% of schoolchildren in the interior and 39% in the capital city did not receive meals every day. So far, irregular school meal distribution has frustrated the program's aspirations to become a universal social policy and ensure a basic right for children

Influence of different power densities during polymerization on the color of composite resins

This study evaluated the influence of different levels of power density on resin polymerization in the staining of composite resins. Thirty-six specimens were made with composite resin (Z350 3M ESPE) with cylindrical Teflon matrix (8 mm X 1 mm). The light curing was performed with different degrees of power density for each group (n=12): 300mW/cm², 700mW/cm² e 1000mW/cm². Afterwards, the specimens had their color checked, with the help of a spectrophotometer and immersed in coffee solution during 7 days. After, a new measuring was done (CIEL*a*b* color system). Results showed, for Δa, only G1000 group obtained a significantly lower value, and the same result was found in the evaluation of Δb. For ∆E and ∆L, no significant differences were found between groups. It is concluded that, low and medium power density entails more reddish and bluish composite resin, while the specimens submitted to high power density and then immersed in coffee did not present color change in a short term.Keywords: Composite resin. Staining. Light curing.

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (bodymass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt