COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DE FRUTOS IMATUROS DE CAFÉ ARÁBICA (Coffea arabica L.) PROCESSADOS POR VIA SECA E VIA ÚMIDA

This study was conducted in order to characterize the chemical composition and evaluate the quality of unripe coffeebeans, processed under dry and wet conditions, submitted to different periods of rest before peeling, with and without water. The coffeewas harvested, separated according to density and peeled. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD)with five repetitions and arranged in a factorial 3 x 2 x 2 (3 rest periods - 12, 24 and 48 hours, two types of processing - dry (naturalgreen) and wet (peeled green ); two rest conditions - presence and absence of water). Three additional treatments were also studied:control sample – unripe fruit produced during cherry peeling, natural unripe fruit (coffee that is not peeled) and peeled unripe fruit,processed immediately after harvest. The coffee was dried in thin layers on a concrete yard and turned every 30 minutes, and afterreaching a water content level of 30% (wb) was piled to complete drying. To evaluate quality, the following analysis were carried out:total sugars, reducing and not reducing, total acidity, soluble solids, potassium leaching, electrical conductivity and chlorogenic acids.It was observed that peeling of unripe fruits increases the physiological and chemical indicators of quality of unripe coffee and can beperformed immediately after peeling the ripe fruits, with no harm to quality. The use of water during the rest period of green fruit doesnot contribute to maintaining the quality of coffee, which can be dispensed when processing the green coffeeO presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar a composição química e avaliar a qualidade de frutosimaturos de café, processados por via seca e via úmida, submetidos a diferentes períodos de repouso antes do descascamento, compresença e ausência de água. A matéria-prima utilizada foram lotes de café verde formados na produção do café-cereja descascado. Oexperimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com cinco repetições e arranjado segundo umesquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 2 (3 tempos de repouso - 12, 24 e 48 horas; 2 tipos de processamento - via seca (verde natural) e via úmida(verde descascado); 2 condições repouso - presença e ausência de água). Foram também estudados três tratamentos adicionais:testemunha - café verde formado na produção do cereja descascado; café verde natural (café que não descascou) e café verdedescascado, processados logo após a colheita. O café foi seco em camadas finas sobre terreiro de concreto e revolvido a cada 30minutos, passando a ser amontoado após atingir o teor de água de 30% (bu), até completar a secagem. Para avaliar a qualidade, foramfeitas as seguintes análises: açúcares totais, redutores e não redutores, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis, lixiviação de potássio,condutividade elétrica e ácidos clorogênicos. Observou-se que o descascamento dos frutos imaturos eleva os indicadores fisiológicose químicos de qualidade do café verde. O descascamento dos frutos imaturos pode ser realizado imediatamente após a primeiraoperação de descascamento dos frutos maduros, sem prejuízo à qualidade. O uso da água durante o repouso dos frutos verdes nãocontribui para a manutenção da qualidade do café, sendo dispensável seu uso no processamento do café verde

Prevention of hypertension in patients with pre-hypertension: protocol for the PREVER-prevention trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Blood pressure (BP) within pre-hypertensive levels confers higher cardiovascular risk and is an intermediate stage for full hypertension, which develops in an annual rate of 7 out of 100 individuals with 40 to 50 years of age. Non-drug interventions to prevent hypertension have had low effectiveness. In individuals with previous cardiovascular disease or diabetes, the use of BP-lowering agents reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular events. In the absence of higher baseline risk, the use of BP agents reduces the incidence of hypertension. The PREVER-prevention trial aims to investigate the efficacy, safety and feasibility of a population-based intervention to prevent the incidence of hypertension and the development of target-organ damage.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with participants aged 30 to 70 years, with pre-hypertension. The trial arms will be chlorthalidone 12.5 mg plus amiloride 2.5 mg or identical placebo. The primary outcomes will be the incidence of hypertension, adverse events and development or worsening of microalbuminuria and of left ventricular hypertrophy in the EKG. The secondary outcomes will be fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, evidence of new sub-clinical atherosclerosis, and sudden death. The study will last 18 months. The sample size was calculated on the basis of an incidence of hypertension of 14% in the control group, a size effect of 40%, power of 85% and P alpha of 5%, resulting in 625 participants per group. The project was approved by the Ethics committee of each participating institution.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The early use of blood pressure-lowering drugs, particularly diuretics, which act on the main mechanism of blood pressure rising with age, may prevent cardiovascular events and the incidence of hypertension in individuals with hypertension. If this intervention shows to be effective and safe in a population-based perspective, it could be the basis for an innovative public health program to prevent hypertension in Brazil.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>Clinical Trials <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00970931">NCT00970931</a>.</p

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio