23 research outputs found

    In search of a tolerance-induction strategy for cow's milk allergies: significant reduction of beta-lactoglobulin allergenicity via transglutaminase/cysteine polymerization

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    OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of β-lactoglobulin polymerized using microbial transglutaminase and heating to identify whether protein polymerization could reduce in vivo allergenicity and maintain in vitro and ex vivo immunoreactivity for use in tolerance-induction protocols. METHODS: Based on previous protocols applied in mice and children, we performed in vivo challenges (using a skin prick test) with native and polymerized β-lactoglobulin in adult patients with an IgE-mediated allergy to plactoglobulin. In vitro humoral immunoreactivity was analyzed using immunoblotting. Cell-mediated immunoreactivity was analyzed using ex vivo challenges with native and polymerized β-lactoglobulin and monitored by leukocyte adherence inhibition tests. RESULTS: The skin tests demonstrated that there was a significant reduction in immediate cutaneous reactivity after polymerization. Polymerization did not decrease the immunoblotting detection of s-IgE specific to β-lactoglobulin. Cell-mediated immunoreactivity, as assessed by ex vivo challenges and leukocyte adherence inhibition tests, did not exhibit significant differences between leukocytes challenged with native versus polymerized β-lactoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS: The polymerization of β-lactoglobulin decreased in vivo allergenicity and did not decrease in vitro humoral or ex vivo cell-mediated immunoreactivity. Therefore, we conclude that inducing polymerization using transglutaminase represents a promising technique to produce suitable molecules for the purpose of designing oral/ sublingual tolerance induction protocols for the treatment of allergies

    Efeito da β-amilase e α-amilase fúngica seguido de desramificação na formação e características estruturais de amido resistente tipo 3 de batata e araruta

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    Resistant starch (RS) is defined as the fraction of starch that does not suffer from the action of digestive enzymes from the gastrointestinal tract showing a similar behavior to that of dietary fiber. Retrograded starch, defined as RS3, is composed mainly of amylose and debranched starch due to its greater tendency to reassociation. In this work the effect of β-amylase and fungalα-amylase on the formation and physicochemical properties of RS3 from potato and arrowroot starches were investigated. Starch suspensions (6,5%w/v) werefirst gelatinized and then hydrolyzed by β-amylase (400U/g) or fungal α-amylase (5U/g potato starch, 10U/g arrowroot starch) for 6h. Aliquots of the supernatant were collected and hydrolysis degree was determined by measuring total carbohydrate content (phenol−sulfuric method).The hydrolysates were debranched by pullulanase (40U/g), for 10h, cooled to 4°C for 16h to enhance the retrogradation, precipitated using ethanol, and dried. Control samples were produced from the gelatinization and debranching of the starch without the use of amylase. The retrograded starches were characterized for molecular weight distribution of starch components (GPC), amylopectin branched-chain length distribution (HPAEC-PAD), crystalline pattern (X-ray diffraction), thermal properties (DSC) and RS content. The amylolysis of potato and arrowroot starches resulted in a similar hydrolysis degree (~25%) independent of used enzymes. Native potato starch displayed type B crystalline pattern, 10,7% of amylose,and a high proportion of long branch chains of amylopectin (DP≥37) while arrowroot starch displayed type A crystalline pattern, 19,5% of amylose, and a high proportion of short branch chains (DP 6-12). The action of β-amylase resulted in both starches significant increase in the proportion of chains with DP 25-36 and significant reduction in chains with DP 13-24, while the fungal α-amylase...Amido resistente (AR) é definido como a fração de amido que não sofre a ação das enzimas digestivas do trato gastrointestinal apresentando comportamento semelhante ao da fibra alimentar. AR tipo 3 é o amido retrogradado composto principalmente por amilose ou amido desramificado devido a sua maior tendência à reassociação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da β-amilase e da α- amilase fúngica na formação de AR3 a partir de amidos de batata e araruta. Suspensões de amido (6,5% m/v) foram gelatinizadas e submetidas à hidrólise com β-amilase (400U/g) ou α-amilase fúngica (5U/g para batata e 10U/g para araruta), por 6 h. Alíquotas do sobrenadante foram coletadas e o grau de hidrólise determinado pela quantificação de açúcares totais (método fenol-sulfúrico). Os hidrolisados foram desramificados com pululanase (40U/g), por 10 h, refrigerados a 4°C por 16 h para potencializar a retrogradação, precipitados com etanol e secos. Amostras controle foram produzidas a partir da gelatinização e desramificação dos amidos sem a utilização das amilases. Os amidos retrogradados foram caracterizados quanto ao tamanho molecular dos componentes do amido (GPC), distribuição do comprimento das cadeias ramificadas da amilopectina (HPAEC-PAD), padrão cristalino e cristalinidade relativa (difracção de raios-X), propriedades térmicas (DSC) e teor de AR. A amilólise dos amidos de batata e araruta resultou em grau de hidrólise semelhante (~25%), independente das enzimas utilizadas. O amido nativo de batata apresentou padrão cristalino tipo B, 20,7% de amilose e alta proporção de cadeias laterais longas da amilopectina (DP ≥ 37), enquanto o amido de araruta mostrou padrão cristalino tipo A, 19,5% de amilose, e alta proporção de cadeias laterais curtas (DP 6-12). A ação da β-amilase provocou, em ambos os amidos aumento expressivo na proporção de cadeias com GP 25-36 e expressiva redução...Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

    Physical chemical and technological evaluation of the juice of seven apple tree cultivars/ <br> Avaliação físico-química e tecnológica do suco de sete cultivares de macieira

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    The pomiculture in the Southern States of Brazil is responsible for 98% of the Brazilian apple production. Up to 80% of this production, (880 metric tons), are sold as fresh fruit and around 220 metric tons are apple with low commercial appeal, being utilized by industrial sector. Due to stepwise increase of apple production, the fruit composition becomes important both for commercial and processing sectors. To prepare this paper, five cultivars and two advanced selection were analyzed. The average results showed that almost all samples were statistically different at 5% level of significance but only acidity was not. Total sugars range was from 10.48 to 12.94 g/100mL for Daiane and Sansa cultivars, respectively. The indicator sugar/acidity ratio were quite high compared to the criteria used (index = 20), meaning that all samples have a low acid content, being of low fitness for processing. The cv. Sansa has the highest content of phenol compounds (624 mg/L), while all the other cultivars have less than 459 mg/L. The analyzed samples showed low total acidity and phenol compounds and only the cv Sansa seems to be feasible for use as blending.<p><p>A pomicultura, concentrada na Região Sul, é responsável por 98% da produção brasileira. Cerca de 80% desta produção (880 mil toneladas), são destinadas ao consumo in natura e em torno de 220 mil toneladas representam o descarte comercial, utilizado pelo setor industrial. Devido ao aumento gradativo da produção, a composição destas frutas passa a ser de interesse, tanto comercial quanto industrial. Tendo isto em foco, foram feitas análises físico-químicas de cinco cultivares comerciais e duas seleções avançadas. Os valores médios das cultivares apresentaram diferenças significativas em todas as análises realizadas, salvo sobre o teor de ácidos, onde os valores não se diferenciaram ao nível de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que os açúcares redutores totais variaram de 10,48 a 12,94 g/100mL para as cultivares Daiane e Sansa, respectivamente. A razão entre açúcares totais e acidez apresentou valores superiores ao critério 20, devido ao baixo teor de acidez total, todos inferiores a 0,38 g/100 mL, o que acarreta pouco interesse para o setor de transformação. As cultivares apresentaram teores de fenóis inferiores a 459 mg/L, salvo a cv. Sansa que apresentou o maior teor de fenóis (624 mg/L), que pode ser utilizada para cortes ou blends

    Funcionalidade de genótipos de mandioca para amido ceroso

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    The objective of this work was to select cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes from the Brazilian germplasm bank with a functionality similar to that of waxy starch. A total of 881 genotypes were pre-selected using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, and their industrial potential was compared with that of the 7745-5WX waxy cassava and the WX-Maize waxy maize clones, both used as references. Two genotypes stood out: BGM0036 and BGM0083. Samples from these four genotypes were characterized by means of amylose content, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, paste viscosity, and chain-length distribution of amylopectin. The samples presented A-type crystallinity and no statistical differences (p > 0.05) regarding crystallinity degree (25.3 to 30.0), which shows similar proportions of the amylose/amylopectin fractions. No differences were observed in the microstructure of the cassava starches. Initial gelatinization temperature and amylopectin short chains presented a very strong negative correlation, indicating that a lower proportion of short chains of amylopectin results in a higher initial temperature of gelatinization. BGM0036 and BGM0083 show a low final viscosity, close to that of the waxy maize and cassava starches, being an alternative for use in different foods that require stability during freezing.O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar genótipos de mandioca (Manihot esculenta) do banco de germoplasma brasileiro com funcionalidade semelhante à do amido ceroso. Um total de 881 genótipos foi pré-selecionado por análise de componentes principais e agrupamento hierárquico, e seu potencial industrial foi comparado ao dos clones 7745-5WX de mandioca cerosa e WX-Maize de milho ceroso, ambos usados como referência. Dois genótipos se destacaram: BGM0036 e BGM0083. Amostras desses quatro genótipos foram caracterizadas por meio de teor de amilose, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios-X, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, viscosidade de pasta e distribuição da cadeia de amilopectina. As amostras apresentaram cristalinidade tipo A e nenhuma diferença estatística (p> 0,05) quanto ao grau de cristalinidade (25,3 a 30,0), o que mostra proporções similares das frações de amilose/amilopectina. Não foram observadas diferenças na microestrutura dos amidos de mandioca. A temperatura inicial de gelatinização e as cadeias curtas de amilopectina apresentaram correlação negativa muito forte, o que indica que uma menor proporção de cadeias curtas de amilopectina resulta em uma maior temperatura inicial de gelatinização. BGM0036 e BGM0083 apresentam baixa viscosidade final, próxima às dos amidos de milho e mandioca cerosos, sendo uma alternativa para a utilização em diferentes alimentos que necessitam de estabilidade durante o congelamento

    Potential of forestry residue briquetting of Seridó region species in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil Potencial de briquetagem de resíduos florestais da região do Seridó, no Rio Grande do Norte

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    This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of waste generated by forestry species that occur in semiarid northeastern at Seridó region, Rio Grande do Norte, for the briquettes production, determine the physical and mechanical briquettes properties, and to correlate the wood density with the density after the briquettes production and briquettes density with the compressive strength. Thirty-two trees were collected (eight species with four replications). The wood physical and chemical properties evaluation were held under a completely randomized design. For the variables related to briquette, it was adopted the same design with three replicates for each species, totalizing 24 sampling units. The briquettes produced with jurema-preta wood stood out as a function to higher fixed carbon content, calorific value and higher compressive strength flat. The briquettes made from waste of imburana wood had the worst performances for the studied parameters. 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mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} --&gt; Esse trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o potencial de aproveitamento de resíduos gerados pela exploração florestal de espécies que ocorrem no semiárido brasileiro na região do Seridó, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, para a produção de briquetes, determinar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos briquetes, correlacionar a densidade da madeira com a densidade após a produção dos briquetes, e a densidade dos briquetes com a resistência à compressão. Foram coletadas 32 árvores (oito espécies com quatro repetições). A avaliação das propriedades físicas e químicas entre as madeiras foram realizadas segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Para as variáveis relacionadas aos briquetes, adotou-se o mesmo delineamento, com três repetições por espécie, totalizando 24 unidades amostrais. Os briquetes produzidos com a madeira de jurema-preta se destacaram em função dos maiores teores de carbono fixo, poder calorífico, e resistência à compressão plana. Os briquetes produzidos com os resíduos da madeira de imburana apresentaram os piores desempenhos para os parâmetros estudados. Foi observada correlação negativa entre a densidade básica das madeiras e o ganho de densidade relativa aparente dos briquetes e correlação positiva entre a densidade aparente dos briquetes e a resistência à compressão plana.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.68.285&lt;/p&gt

    Influência do formato da desepitelização corneana sobre a acuidade visual no pós-operatório da ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK)

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    RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se a modificação no formato da desepitelização corneana na ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK), de circular para oval, modifica a recuperação da acuidade visual (AV) no pós-operatório. Métodos: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 43 pacientes submetidos ao PRK bilateral e simultâneo. De forma randomizada em cada paciente, um olho foi desepitelizado no formato circular e o outro no formato oval. No sexto dia de pós-operatório (D6) foram registradas a percepção subjetiva pelo paciente da qualidade de visão comparativa entre os olhos, a AV objetiva monocular e o aspecto do empilhamento epitelial corneano. Resultados: Em relação à percepção subjetiva da qualidade de visão, observou-se que 48,8% dos pacientes não perceberam diferença entre os olhos e 51,2% perceberam diferença (41,9% referiram melhor qualidade de visão no olho da desepitelização oval e 9,3% referiram melhor visão no olho da desepitelização circular). Em relação à AV (Snellen), a média na desepitelização oval, de 0,62, foi significativamente superior (p<0,001) que na circular, de 0,53. Quanto ao empilhamento epitelial, em 64,3% houve menor densidade do empilhamento nos olhos submetidos à desepitelização oval, em 31,0% não foi identificada diferença e em 4,8% dos olhos submetidos à desepitelização oval o empilhamento foi maior. Tais resultados se devem ao fato de que na desepitelização oval as células epiteliais provêm de bordas não equidistantes do centro da córnea e percorrem uma área menor, determinando um empilhamento epitelial central mais suave. Conclusão: Verificou-se que a modificação no formato da desepitelização corneana no PRK para oval, determinou uma significativa melhora da recuperação da AV
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