An essay on the anatomy of the gibbon (Hylobates agilis) : with notes on comparative anatomy

The kindness of Professor Cunningham has enabled me to carry out the dissection of a gibbon in his possession during the past Winter Session. The dissection was carried out in the Anatomical Department of Edinburgh University.I have, at the risk of seeming tedious, described the details of the muscles fully under the headings origin, insertion, nerve supply, structure, and relations.My reason for doing this is the lack of evidence, positive or negative, on certain points of interest in this dissection. which I looked for in the works of others.Under the heading of comparative anatomy the observations of other writers on the anatomy of the anthropoid apes have been fully referred to: as far as possible only those points in the lower animals have been noted which seemed to throw light on the anatomy of the apes and man. Many of the points which have arisen during the investigation I have sought to elucidate by observations made in the Museum of the University and in the Natural History Department of the Museum of Science and Art in Chambers Street, and by dissections made on some of the lower animals, such as the cat, mole, and fish.Although fully sensible of the futility of propounding theories on comparative anatomy from the results of short investigation, I have ventured to express opinions on certain views ,which this dissection seemed to deal with directly.As far as possible the points have been illustrated, the drawings are with the exception of three, the results of my own work.In the muscular system the peculiar continuation of the muscular sheets of the trunk on to, and down the fore limb have been noted in connection with the habits of the animal. The musculature of the forearm and hand has been fully considered, I believe the right interpretation to have been put upon certain anomalous muscles found in the palm of this ape, and described under the name of the musculi interossei accessorii. The true position of the flexor brevis digitorum has been dealt with, the conclusion formed tends to confirm that originally laid down in the Challenger Reports but not that interpretation which is depicted in Quain's Anatomy.In the lower limb attention may be directed to the description and comparative anatomy of the following muscles: - the obturator internus, obturator externus, the adductor group, the flexors of the toes, tibialis anticus, flexor brevis digitorum, and musculus accessorius. In the trunk muscles special attention was directed to the dissection of the sheath of the rectus and I was able in an unmistakeable manner to demonstrate the true condition of the parts.In the arterial supply of the limbs, the large artery running down the inner side of the tibia was the most important point noted, I have attempted to show its connection with the superficial division of the anastomotic artery. The veins of both limbs were peculiar. With regard to the nervous system the limb plexuses were dissected, the likeness born by the brachial to the sacral plexus is apparent in the diagrams. Throughout; the dissection has been opposed to the theory formed by Ruge as to the relationship between the muscles and nerves. Ruge holding that the muscles are to be looked upon as being the end organs of the nerves which supply them; this view being, he considers, infallible.The facts here shown demonstrate that if the muscles are to looked upon as the end-organs of any structure, and I think they are, then they must be looked upon as the end-organs of the motor cells in the anterior horn of grey matter in the spinal cord, from which their axons of supply are derived. The path by which these axons reach the muscle being immaterial. The distribution of the dorsal nerves tends to show that the intercostal :muscles are not to be regarded as being derived from from one myotome nor are the ribs and lineae transversae of the rectus abdominis to be looked upon as being strictly inter segmental structures.I have been able to corroborate Professor Hepburn's statement that in this animal the pronator quadratus muscle was supplied by the posterior inter-osseous nerve. This statement was followed up and the fibrils traced to the median nerve higher up the arm.In addition the significance of the communication between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm of the apes was made out in connection with the deep supply of the muscles of the palm

Experiences and Practices of Environmental Adult Education Participants

Awareness of the sustainability of our natural resources is a continuing concern. Initiatives promoting environmental adult education (EAE) through professional development (PD) workshops ensure educators\u27 have the knowledge and skills to inform their audience about environmental literacy and stewardship. However, these workshops have rarely been monitored. Specifically, it appears no researchers have focused on the reflective experiences of an EAE PD workshop on educator participants at least 5 years after participation. This basic qualitative study used telephone interviews of 8 past participants to explore whether and how they perceive their behavior changing in relation to natural resources conservation years after the EAE PD, and how they shared these changes with others. Through the contextual lens of EAE with a focus on outdoor experiential learning and transformative learning theories, five major themes emerged including: (a) becoming a more effective educator; (b) becoming more aware of the importance of conservation; (c) experiencing positive emotional effects; (d) changing behaviors that impact the environment; and (e) experiences of the EAE PD location. Implications for positive social change were found in the expressed experiences, content, and application of the EAE PD that ignited new means for approaching curriculum- specific content with a heightened focus on the importance of the conservation of natural resources

An essay on intussusception: with an account and analysis of 103 cases - in two volumes

Through the Kindness of the past and present memhers on the staff of the SicK ohildren's Hospi.tal, Great Orraond street, I have l^een allowed to collect and analyse all the cases of intussusception which have been treated in the Hospital since that charity was openedAs my connection with the Hospital has extended over a period of two years, I have been enabled to observe the disease myself on about 30 occasions. Although I have dealt chiefly with the intussusceptions of chiidren, I have not hesitated to draw on the accounts of the disease as met with in adults, in order to illustrate many points in the nature of the affection, which either have not passed under my clinical Knowledge, or reports of which I have failed to find in the medical papers.The literature on the subject of intussusceptions is already so voluminous, that one can scarcely hope to add much that is new. Nevertheless I have, in this essay, made bold to state the belief that ileo-colic intussusceptions, as at present understood, never occur. I have attempted to prove that they are really enteric intussusceptions which have started a short way above the valve and then passed through it in the ordinary way. That is to say all intussusceptions grow by the saine common mechanism and no special mechanism, of prolapse with a constant ly changing apex, need be brought into play to explain ths ileo-colic form, see pp. 5 to 14. I believe therefore, that there are only three forms'.— ileo-caecal, enteric^and colic,in that order of frequency. I have pointed out what I believe to be the true significance of the diiaple so often found as the result of intussusception,and not,as is so often supposed, the cause of this disease. (p.16 et seq.)I have endeavoured to shew that in my cases and in those of raany other writers, the invagination starts more frequently in the ileum than in the jejunum (p.19).The anatomical facts here stated, are the results of observations rnade ia a large number of children in the pathological department of the hospital (p. 69). The experimental worh was carried out under Professor starling at University College, London. A licence to conduct operations on living animals was held from the Home Office, together with certificate E.E.to allow the aniraals to he kept alive afterwards. This latter was however never used. in connectlon with these particuiar experiraents (p. 77).Although the experiraents were not as conclusive as I had hoped, they were very suggestive as to how the invagination starts.I have given an analysis of the age incidence, sex, and cliraatic influences, of a large number of consecutive cases in chiidren; and endeavoured to explain the disproportion of male to females on anatomical grounds (p. 97 to 105).The exciting causes have been fully detailed (p. 116 to 130). The presence arfl. influence of Meckel's diverticulum has been fully entered into. / A resurae has been given of all the reported cases in which the appendix seeraed to have been the startlng point of the disease.The existing accounts of the syraptoms,signs, and diagnosis, leaves little or nothing to which new can be added. Under the heading of differential diagnosis I have detailed an interesting case of purpura which could not be distinguished from the affection now under conBideration, p.152. The treatment has heen conaidered from nature's standpoint as well as from that of surgery. An atterapt has been raade to give a short historical account of the treatment of the disease frora. the earliest tiraes It is necessarily very incoraplete. But accounts of successful surgical treatment are presented,dating as far "back as A.D. 1672. The accounts were culled from books and raanuscripts in the library of the Britlsh Museum.The deaths in my series are more proininent than they should be. Soine of the earlier surgical notebooks of the Hospital are raissing or incomplete, so that the records of those cases nvhich recovered are lost t-o rae. On the other hand, the post mortera records have, from the very commencernent, been raost faith.fullj'- written up, so that every ease which has died frora this disease finds a place in ray series. While these facts raay render my cases fallacious in calculating the percentage of recoveries, it makes thera raore valuable as a reeord of the raore complicated and fatal forms of the disease.Volume II contains the notes in full of the cases discussed in this thesis. They are nurabered aooording to their date.The figurea, diagraras and charts used to illustrate this worK were all drawn hy myself, with the exoeption of sorae of the coloured plates for the raore intricate of which the services of a profession al artist were prooured.The references to quotations I have endeavoured to give in every case

Punching above your weight: digital tools, design strategies and organisational structures for expanding design in small practice

The title of this work, ‘punching above your weight’, is a phrase native to boxing, where it is used to describe fighting at a level better than is expected of one’s division. It is used here in the context of architecture to describe a kind of practice that embodies these qualities, by delivering trim efficiency and power that would be expected of a larger organisation. This thesis explores the characteristics that might make up such a practice, by focusing on the dual core aspects of an architectural practice’s working methods: design strategies and organisational structures. While digital media is not new to architecture, its increasing pervasiveness, power and sophistication, have led to the maturing of this media, fundamentally reshaping the way architecture is designed and practiced. This research identifies key opportunities for practice offered by this new media, including: the ability to repurpose information between stages of development, procedural design strategies, a return to craft, and the opportunity to connect directly to computer-controlled means of manufacturing. The focus on small practice places a constructive limitation on the research. By virtue of being small, there are fewer people involved, which is a key factor in the structuring of a collaborative, creative and intimate work environment. Furthermore, this creative aspect of ‘smallness’ often extends throughout the delivery chain. Small practices often work on smaller projects, with smaller builders and smaller budgets, subsequently requiring specific strategies for engaging with this context. Focussing on small, and the limited resources that this implies, has led to the development through this research of innovative design strategies that embody the small-practice spirit of the ‘grand gesture within limited means’. This research explores such territory both through the literature and through a series of case study projects undertaken within a small practice, whereby the investigator is ‘embedded’ as a member of the design team. As a way to foreground the insights and observations drawn from the project work, this thesis is focussed on the strategies that bring projects into being, not the outcomes of the projects themselves. By emphasising and focusing on the processes that lead to an end product, broader conclusions can be drawn that are relevant to practices and researchers beyond the specific context within which this work has been conducted. A key contribution of this research is the development of design techniques employing parametric, computational, and manufacturing based approaches, that are specifically tailored to the small practice, with particular emphasis on those strategies that can aid in extending and enhancing the very early stages of designing. This thesis also proposes ‘the new augmented practice’, a model for practice that combines the strengths of small practice as a collaborative and creative environment, with the new potentials offered by digital design tools to produce a practice structure that is specifically suited to the demands of our contemporary information age

A Unity of Contraries: Dorothy Day and the \u27No-Alibi\u27 Rhetoric of Defiance and Devotion

This offering considers what I term the embedded narrative of Dorothy Day (1897-1980) as a Rhetoric of Defiance and Devotion and it is illustrated by selected metaphors associated with Martin Buber and M. M. Bakhtin. Concepts of conscience, community and the complexities associated with being authentically human are engaged within an interpretive journey of a life lived in response to the flashpoints of the last century. Enlisting hermeneutics as a guide, Day\u27s petite narrative is situated against a broader narrative of eight decades of economic, social, political, cultural and (for her) philosophical and spiritual changes. Her various and varying labels are explored: radical, rhetorician, journalist, mistress, wife, divorcée, single parent, pacifist, activist, agitator, convert, founder of the Catholic Worker, and \u27thorn in the side of both church and state.\u27 This work argues that Day is a realistic idealist and a textured-by-humanity communication role model whose authenticity and courage challenges the current climate of cynicism, non-responders and failed heroes. Day is proposed as a genuine hero who demanded of her admirers that \u27they also join the work\u27 thus promoting praxis over piety. While Day finds an intellectual home within Gadamer\u27s criteria of \u27word and deed,\u27 philosophically, she is invested in Buber\u27s call for community and his thinking about our complex humanity. With Bakhtin, Day shares a construct of the \u27no-alibi\u27 conscience

A Consistent Data Series to Evaluate Growth and Inequality in the National Accounts

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139912/1/roiw12324.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139912/2/roiw12324_am.pd

Unmasking Problems in Rural Health Planning

Separating regional health statistics into smaller geographic segments will help local planning agencies identify and deal with health needs of rural people. National and regional averages for key health planning variables mask rural problems because these variables differ widely within and among regions. Further, health service areas (HSAs) are more rural than the national average would indicate. Better health care planning and delivery require the following adjustments: (1) use of disaggregated data, (2) flexibility in regulations, (3) adjustment of funding formulas, (4) establishment of subarea councils, (5) identification of major HSA rural types, and (6) improvement of data for small rural areas

Open-Country Poverty in a Relatively Affluent Area -- The East North Central States

Poverty among open-country households in the East North Central States--11 percent--was slightly above incidence found among U.S. whites in general. Incidence of poverty was greatest among the aged, disabled, and small farmers of all ages who made farming their major source of earnings. Eighty-seven percent of the respondent households in this 1967 survey had earnings. Most respondents were nonfarmers. Although 42 percent received some income from a farm, only 12 percent got the major portion of their earnings from this source. Seventy-two percent of poor households with heads under age 45, and 57 percent of those with heads aged 45-64 reported no income other than earnings, interest, or dividends. Even more received no welfare payments. In this area, where two-fifths of all houses were built before 1901, substandard housing was prevalent among the poor