Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stresses

[EN] Abiotic stress represents a main constraint for agriculture, affecting plant growth and productivity. Drought and soil salinity, especially, are major causes of reduction of crop yields and food production worldwide. It is not unexpected, therefore, that the study of plant responses to abiotic stress and stress tolerance mechanisms is one of the most active research fields in plant biology. This Special Issue compiles 22 research papers and 4 reviews covering different aspects of these responses and mechanisms, addressing environmental stress factors such as drought, salinity, flooding, heat and cold stress, deficiency or toxicity of compounds in the soil (e.g., macro and micronutrients), and combination of different stresses. The approaches used are also diverse, including, among others, the analysis of agronomic traits based on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical studies, and transcriptomics or transgenics. Despite its complexity, we believe that this Special Issue provides a useful overview of the topic, including basic information on the mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance as well as practical aspects such as the alleviation of the deleterious effects of stress by different means, or the use of local landraces as a source of genetic material adapted to combined stresses. This knowledge should help to develop the agriculture of the (near) future, sustainable and better adapted to the conditions ahead, in a scenario of global warming and environmental pollution.Boscaiu, M.; Fita, A. (2020). Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stresses. Agronomy. 10(9):1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091308S17109Fedoroff, N. V., Battisti, D. S., Beachy, R. N., Cooper, P. J. M., Fischhoff, D. A., Hodges, C. N., … Zhu, J.-K. (2010). Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century. Science, 327(5967), 833-834. doi:10.1126/science.1186834Fita, A., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Boscaiu, M., Prohens, J., & Vicente, O. (2015). Breeding and Domesticating Crops Adapted to Drought and Salinity: A New Paradigm for Increasing Food Production. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00978Zhu, J.-K. (2001). Plant salt tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 6(2), 66-71. doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01838-0Zhu, J.-K. (2016). Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants. Cell, 167(2), 313-324. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.029Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25(2), 239-250. doi:10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.xMunns, R., & Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59(1), 651-681. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911Khan, A., Pan, X., Najeeb, U., Tan, D. K. Y., Fahad, S., Zahoor, R., & Luo, H. (2018). Coping with drought: stress and adaptive mechanisms, and management through cultural and molecular alternatives in cotton as vital constituents for plant stress resilience and fitness. Biological Research, 51(1). doi:10.1186/s40659-018-0198-zHernández, J. A. (2019). Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Trends and Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(10), 2408. doi:10.3390/ijms20102408Nemeskéri, E., & Helyes, L. (2019). Physiological Responses of Selected Vegetable Crop Species to Water Stress. Agronomy, 9(8), 447. doi:10.3390/agronomy9080447Ketehouli, T., Idrice Carther, K. F., Noman, M., Wang, F.-W., Li, X.-W., & Li, H.-Y. (2019). Adaptation of Plants to Salt Stress: Characterization of Na+ and K+ Transporters and Role of CBL Gene Family in Regulating Salt Stress Response. Agronomy, 9(11), 687. doi:10.3390/agronomy9110687Thangthong, N., Jogloy, S., Punjansing, T., Kvien, C. K., Kesmala, T., & Vorasoot, N. (2019). Changes in Root Anatomy of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Different Durations of Early Season Drought. Agronomy, 9(5), 215. doi:10.3390/agronomy9050215Zeeshan, M., Lu, M., Sehar, S., Holford, P., & Wu, F. (2020). Comparison of Biochemical, Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Responses to Salinity Stress in Wheat and Barley Genotypes Deferring in Salinity Tolerance. Agronomy, 10(1), 127. doi:10.3390/agronomy10010127Brenes, M., Solana, A., Boscaiu, M., Fita, A., Vicente, O., Calatayud, Á., … Plazas, M. (2020). Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Salt Stress in Cultivated Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and in S. insanum L., a Close Wild Relative. Agronomy, 10(5), 651. doi:10.3390/agronomy10050651Fess, T. L., Kotcon, J. B., & Benedito, V. A. (2011). Crop Breeding for Low Input Agriculture: A Sustainable Response to Feed a Growing World Population. Sustainability, 3(10), 1742-1772. doi:10.3390/su3101742Arteaga, S., Yabor, L., Díez, M. J., Prohens, J., Boscaiu, M., & Vicente, O. (2020). The Use of Proline in Screening for Tolerance to Drought and Salinity in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes. Agronomy, 10(6), 817. doi:10.3390/agronomy10060817Sumalan, R. M., Ciulca, S. I., Poiana, M. A., Moigradean, D., Radulov, I., Negrea, M., … Sumalan, R. L. (2020). The Antioxidant Profile Evaluation of Some Tomato Landraces with Soil Salinity Tolerance Correlated with High Nutraceuticaland Functional Value. Agronomy, 10(4), 500. doi:10.3390/agronomy10040500Kondwakwenda, A., Sibiya, J., Zengeni, R., Musvosvi, C., & Tesfay, S. (2019). Screening of Provitamin-A Maize Inbred Lines for Drought Tolerance Using β-carotene Content: Morphophysiological and Biochemical Traits. Agronomy, 9(11), 692. doi:10.3390/agronomy9110692Urano, K., Kurihara, Y., Seki, M., & Shinozaki, K. (2010). ‘Omics’ analyses of regulatory networks in plant abiotic stress responses. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 13(2), 132-138. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2009.12.006Hou, Yin, Lu, Song, Wang, Wei, … Fang. (2019). Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Temporal and Spatial Changes in Physiological Process and Gene Expression in Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Grown under Drought Stress. Agronomy, 9(10), 569. doi:10.3390/agronomy9100569Jia, S., Li, H., Jiang, Y., Tang, Y., Zhao, G., Zhang, Y., … Shao, R. (2020). Transcriptomic Analysis of Female Panicles Reveals Gene Expression Responses to Drought Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.). Agronomy, 10(2), 313. doi:10.3390/agronomy10020313Liu, C., Zhao, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Gu, M., & Yuan, Z. (2019). Transcriptomic Profiling of Pomegranate Provides Insights into Salt Tolerance. Agronomy, 10(1), 44. doi:10.3390/agronomy10010044Moradtalab, N., Hajiboland, R., Aliasgharzad, N., Hartmann, T. E., & Neumann, G. (2019). Silicon and the Association with an Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungus (Rhizophagus clarus) Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress on Strawberry. Agronomy, 9(1), 41. doi:10.3390/agronomy9010041Minh, B., Linh, N., Hanh, H., Hien, L., Thang, N., Hai, N., & Hue, H. (2019). A LEA Gene from a Vietnamese Maize Landrace Can Enhance the Drought Tolerance of Transgenic Maize and Tobacco. Agronomy, 9(2), 62. doi:10.3390/agronomy9020062Abdelaal, K. A., EL-Maghraby, L. M., Elansary, H., Hafez, Y. M., Ibrahim, E. I., El-Banna, M., … Elkelish, A. (2019). Treatment of Sweet Pepper with Stress Tolerance-Inducing Compounds Alleviates Salinity Stress Oxidative Damage by Mediating the Physio-Biochemical Activities and Antioxidant Systems. Agronomy, 10(1), 26. doi:10.3390/agronomy10010026Loreti, E., van Veen, H., & Perata, P. (2016). Plant responses to flooding stress. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 33, 64-71. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.005Bashar, K., Tareq, M., Amin, M., Honi, U., Tahjib-Ul-Arif, M., Sadat, M., & Hossen, Q. (2019). Phytohormone-Mediated Stomatal Response, Escape and Quiescence Strategies in Plants under Flooding Stress. Agronomy, 9(2), 43. doi:10.3390/agronomy9020043Vwioko, E. D., El-Esawi, M. A., Imoni, M. E., Al-Ghamdi, A. A., Ali, H. M., El-Sheekh, M. M., … Al-Dosary, M. A. (2019). Sodium Azide Priming Enhances Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Agronomy, 9(11), 679. doi:10.3390/agronomy9110679Eremina, M., Rozhon, W., & Poppenberger, B. (2015). Hormonal control of cold stress responses in plants. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73(4), 797-810. doi:10.1007/s00018-015-2089-6Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Ou, L., Ji, D., Liu, T., Lan, R., … Jin, L. (2020). Response to the Cold Stress Signaling of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Elicited by Chitosan Oligosaccharide. Agronomy, 10(6), 915. doi:10.3390/agronomy10060915Anwar, A., Wang, J., Yu, X., He, C., & Li, Y. (2020). Substrate Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Enhanced Low-temperature and Weak-light Stress Tolerance in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Agronomy, 10(4), 472. doi:10.3390/agronomy10040472Diffenbaugh, N. S., Pal, J. S., Giorgi, F., & Gao, X. (2007). Heat stress intensification in the Mediterranean climate change hotspot. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(11). doi:10.1029/2007gl030000Martínez-Nieto, M. I., Estrelles, E., Prieto-Mossi, J., Roselló, J., & Soriano, P. (2020). Resilience Capacity Assessment of the Traditional Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) Landraces Facing Climate Change. Agronomy, 10(6), 758. doi:10.3390/agronomy10060758Nelimor, C., Badu-Apraku, B., Tetteh, A. Y., Garcia-Oliveira, A. L., & N’guetta, A. S.-P. (2020). Assessing the Potential of Extra-Early Maturing Landraces for Improving Tolerance to Drought, Heat, and Both Combined Stresses in Maize. Agronomy, 10(3), 318. doi:10.3390/agronomy10030318Probert, M. ., & Keating, B. . (2000). What soil constraints should be included in crop and forest models? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 82(1-3), 273-281. doi:10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00231-0Pereira-Dias, L., Gil-Villar, D., Castell-Zeising, V., Quiñones, A., Calatayud, Á., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2020). Main Root Adaptations in Pepper Germplasm (Capsicum spp.) to Phosphorus Low-Input Conditions. Agronomy, 10(5), 637. doi:10.3390/agronomy10050637Hefferon, K. (2019). Biotechnological Approaches for Generating Zinc-Enriched Crops to Combat Malnutrition. Nutrients, 11(2), 253. doi:10.3390/nu11020253Szopiński, M., Sitko, K., Gieroń, Ż., Rusinowski, S., Corso, M., Hermans, C., … Małkowski, E. (2019). Toxic Effects of Cd and Zn on the Photosynthetic Apparatus of the Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa Pseudo-Metallophytes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00748Fatemi, H., Zaghdoud, C., Nortes, P. A., Carvajal, M., & Martínez-Ballesta, M. del C. (2020). Differential Aquaporin Response to Distinct Effects of Two Zn Concentrations after Foliar Application in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L.) Plants. Agronomy, 10(3), 450. doi:10.3390/agronomy10030450Kong, L., Xie, Y., Hu, L., Si, J., & Wang, Z. (2017). Excessive nitrogen application dampens antioxidant capacity and grain filling in wheat as revealed by metabolic and physiological analyses. Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/srep43363Gil-Ortiz, R., Naranjo, M. Á., Ruiz-Navarro, A., Caballero-Molada, M., Atares, S., García, C., & Vicente, O. (2020). New Eco-Friendly Polymeric-Coated Urea Fertilizers Enhanced Crop Yield in Wheat. Agronomy, 10(3), 438. doi:10.3390/agronomy10030438Muñoz, M., Torres-Pagán, N., Peiró, R., Guijarro, R., Sánchez-Moreiras, A. M., & Verdeguer, M. (2020). Phytotoxic Effects of Three Natural Compounds: Pelargonic Acid, Carvacrol, and Cinnamic Aldehyde, against Problematic Weeds in Mediterranean Crops. Agronomy, 10(6), 791. doi:10.3390/agronomy10060791Mayoral, O., Solbes, J., Cantó, J., & Pina, T. (2020). What Has Been Thought and Taught on the Lunar Influence on Plants in Agriculture? Perspective from Physics and Biology. Agronomy, 10(7), 955. doi:10.3390/agronomy1007095

Risk factors of adverse drug reactions of first-line antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients at RSUD Dr. Moewardi

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an infection caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The antiretrovirals (ARVs) combination is the basis for the management of therapy in HIV/AIDS patients, but it often raises problems like adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study was conducted to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of ADRs in the use of first-line ARVs. It employed a cross-sectional design with retrospective data collection in patients visiting the Voluntary Cell Counting (VCT) room of RSUD Dr. Moewardi in November-December 2018. The data collected were sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics, laboratory test results, and ARV profiles. Findings show that the risk factors for ADRs in the use of first-line ARVs are CD4 of <200 and 0-24 months of taking ARVs

Spectral Characterization of Difusse Par Irradiance under Tipuana Tipu Shading

Tipa (Tipuana tipu) is a common tree in gardens and carparks, although the shading effect of its canopy must be still characterised to assess the decrease of temperature and quality of irradiance. This work is a preliminary study aimed to assess the effect of shading of tree canopies on the diffuse irradiance pattern received at the soil level in comparison to other conditions. The shade provided by a group of Tipa trees, located at the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain), was evaluated in this experiment and compared to cloudy days and direct sun. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) and red/near infrared ratios were recorded with a portable spectrometer. Measurements were recorded in January and February 2017, at 10h, 13h and 16h. Depending on the region of the spectrum and time of the day, PPFD values ranged from 0.05 to 0.42, 0.40 to 1.14, and 0.94 to 3.90 μmol·m-2·s-1, for Tipa shade, cloudy days and direct sun, respectively. The spectral analysis of PPFD in cloudy days revealed maximum values in the green region and minimum at near infrared region, while maximum PPFD for tipa shade was mostly found at near infrared, revealing higher importance of this spectral region compared to cloudy days

Breeding strategies for improving the performance and fruit quality of the pepino (Solanum muricatum): A model for the enhancement of underutilized exotic fruits

The pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) is a neglected Andean crop that has elicited an increasing interest from exotic fruit markets. The pepino is highly diverse and, by using appropriate breeding strategies, it has been possible to develop new improved materials. Here we review more than a decade of efforts and advancements made in the genetic improvement of the pepino for several traits, with special emphasis on fruit quality. Different strategies, like the use of a wide diversity of genetic resources, exploitation of genotype × environment interaction, use of clonal hybrids, and introgression of genes from wild species, have facilitated significant developments in enhancing the commercial potential of the pepino, and have allowed the development of new cultivars and breeding materials adapted to new agroclimatic conditions. Agronomic performance of the pepino has been improved by the use of genetic parthenocarpy, selection for resistance to Tomato Mosaic Virus, and by developing hybrids, that manifested heterosis, but also did not have lower quality fruit. Breeding for quality has been focused mostly on the improvement of flavor (sweetness and aroma) and nutritional value (ascorbic acid content; AAC). Despite the limited intraspecific diversity available for sugar content, materials with high soluble solids content (SSC) have been selected. Strategies for further increases of SSC and titratable acidity have been based in the use of wild relatives. The study of variation within the cultigen was also helpful in the selection of hybrid genotypes with improved aroma profiles and high AAC values. As a result of the breeding efforts, several cultivars with improved agronomic performance and fruit quality have been produced. The use of biotechnological tools represents an opportunity to use the extensive genomic information compiled for related species, like tomato or potato, for the future improvement and enhancement of pepino quality. The results obtained in the pepino show that ample opportunities exist for improving the commercial potential of under-utilized fruits by means of breeding based on the exploitation of genetic diversity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Fita, A. (2011). Breeding strategies for improving the performance and fruit quality of the pepino (Solanum muricatum): A model for the enhancement of underutilized exotic fruits. Food Research International. 44(7):1927-1935. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.028S1927193544

Volatile Profile of Wall Rocket Baby-Leaves (Diplotaxis erucoides) Grown under Greenhouse: Main Compounds and Genotype Diversity

[EN] Wall rocket is a leafy vegetable with pungent flavor related to the presence of isothiocyanates (ITCs). Despite interest in it as a crop of high organoleptic quality, the variability of the volatile profile in the species remains unknown. Twenty-four populations grown under a greenhouse were evaluated. A considerable diversity for the total levels of volatiles was found, providing information of the aroma intensity among accessions. ITCs represented the main fraction. Allyl ITC was the main compound, and levels showed up to 6-fold difference among populations. The esters fraction was mainly represented bycis-3-hexenyl isovalerate andcis-3-hexenyl butyrate, with 20-fold differences among populations. Additionally, the content in sinigrin was evaluated as main GSL in wall rocket. Differences reached up to 13-fold. These results suggest that some populations can be used to develop highly pungent varieties, whereas some others can be selected for mild-pungent varieties, as it is the case of DER045 with low levels of ITCs and high in esters. The presence of several ITCs in the profile also suggested the presence of other novel GSLs. Overall, the work increases the knowledge in the variability of wall rocket for the volatile profile and sinigrin accumulation, a starting point for future breeding programs.C.G. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for the financial support by means of a predoctoral FPU grant (FPU14-06798).Guijarro-Real, C.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2020). Volatile Profile of Wall Rocket Baby-Leaves (Diplotaxis erucoides) Grown under Greenhouse: Main Compounds and Genotype Diversity. Agronomy. 10(6):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060802S116106Guijarro-Real, C., Navarro, A., Esposito, S., Festa, G., Macellaro, R., Di Cesare, C., … Tripodi, P. (2020). Large scale phenotyping and molecular analysis in a germplasm collection of rocket salad (Eruca vesicaria) reveal a differentiation of the gene pool by geographical origin. Euphytica, 216(3). doi:10.1007/s10681-020-02586-xD’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2009). Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and relatedDiplotaxisandErucaspecies. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(4), 713-722. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3507Guijarro-Real, C., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2020). Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides). Food Research International, 132, 109008. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109008Guarrera, P. M., & Savo, V. (2016). Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202-234. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050Guijarro-Real, C., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., Aguirre, K., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2019). Growing Conditions Affect the Phytochemical Composition of Edible Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides). Agronomy, 9(12), 858. doi:10.3390/agronomy9120858Guijarro-Real, C., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2020). Morphological Diversity and Bioactive Compounds in Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.). Agronomy, 10(2), 306. doi:10.3390/agronomy10020306Guijarro-Real, C., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2019). Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: Influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product. Scientia Horticulturae, 258, 108778. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108778Bell, L., Yahya, H. N., Oloyede, O. O., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Changes in rocket salad phytochemicals within the commercial supply chain: Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, amino acids and bacterial load increase significantly after processing. Food Chemistry, 221, 521-534. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.154Bell, L., Oloyede, O. O., Lignou, S., Wagstaff, C., & Methven, L. (2018). Taste and Flavor Perceptions of Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, and Related Compounds. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62(18), 1700990. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700990Sávio, A. L. V., da Silva, G. N., & Salvadori, D. M. F. (2015). Inhibition of bladder cancer cell proliferation by allyl isothiocyanate (mustard essential oil). Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 771, 29-35. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.004Savio, A. L. V., da Silva, G. N., Camargo, E. A. de, & Salvadori, D. M. F. (2014). Cell cycle kinetics, apoptosis rates, DNA damage and TP53 gene expression in bladder cancer cells treated with allyl isothiocyanate (mustard essential oil). Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 762, 40-46. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.02.006Rajakumar, T., Pugalendhi, P., & Thilagavathi, S. (2015). Dose response chemopreventive potential of allyl isothiocyanate against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 231, 35-43. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.015Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2008). Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: Diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019Guijarro-Real, C., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., Gregori-Montaner, A., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2020). Factors affecting germination of Diplotaxis erucoides and their effect on selected quality properties of the germinated products. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 109013. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109013Guijarro-Real, C., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., Raigón, M. D., & Fita, A. (2019). HS-SPME analysis of the volatiles profile of water celery (Apium nodiflorum), a wild vegetable with increasing culinary interest. Food Research International, 121, 765-775. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.054Moreno, E., Fita, A., González-Mas, M. C., & Rodríguez-Burruezo, A. (2012). HS-SPME study of the volatile fraction of Capsicum accessions and hybrids in different parts of the fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 135, 87-97. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.12.001Bell, L., Spadafora, N. D., Müller, C. T., Wagstaff, C., & Rogers, H. J. (2016). Use of TD-GC–TOF-MS to assess volatile composition during post-harvest storage in seven accessions of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Food Chemistry, 194, 626-636. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.043Pasini, F., Verardo, V., Caboni, M. F., & D’Antuono, L. F. (2012). Determination of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in rocket salad by HPLC-DAD–MS: Evaluation of Eruca sativa Mill. and Diplotaxis tenuifolia L. genetic resources. Food Chemistry, 133(3), 1025-1033. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.021Metsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468López-Gresa, M. P., Lisón, P., Campos, L., Rodrigo, I., Rambla, J. L., Granell, A., … Bellés, J. M. (2017). A Non-targeted Metabolomics Approach Unravels the VOCs Associated with the Tomato Immune Response against Pseudomonas syringae. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01188Jirovetz, L., Smith, D., & Buchbauer, G. (2002). Aroma Compound Analysis of Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae) SPME Headspace Leaf Samples Using GC, GC−MS, and Olfactometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(16), 4643-4646. doi:10.1021/jf020129nGonzález-Mas, M. C., Rambla, J. L., Alamar, M. C., Gutiérrez, A., & Granell, A. (2011). Comparative Analysis of the Volatile Fraction of Fruit Juice from Different Citrus Species. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e22016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022016Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Kollmannsberger, H., González-Mas, M. C., Nitz, S., & Fernando, N. (2010). HS-SPME Comparative Analysis of Genotypic Diversity in the Volatile Fraction and Aroma-Contributing Compounds of Capsicum Fruits from the annuum−chinense−frutescens Complex. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(7), 4388-4400. doi:10.1021/jf903931tBlažević, I., & Mastelić, J. (2008). Free and bound volatiles of rocket (Eruca sativaMill.). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(4), 278-285. doi:10.1002/ffj.1883Hanschen, F. S., & Schreiner, M. (2017). Isothiocyanates, Nitriles, and Epithionitriles from Glucosinolates Are Affected by Genotype and Developmental Stage in Brassica oleracea Varieties. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01095Blažević, I., & Mastelić, J. (2009). Glucosinolate degradation products and other bound and free volatiles in the leaves and roots of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Food Chemistry, 113(1), 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.029Miyazawa, M., Nishiguchi, T., & Yamafuji, C. (2005). Volatile components of the leaves ofBrassica rapa L. var.perviridis Bailey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(2), 158-160. doi:10.1002/ffj.1335Clemente-Villalba, J., Ariza, D., García-Garví, J. M., Sánchez-Bravo, P., Noguera-Artiaga, L., Issa-Issa, H., … Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A. (2020). Characterization and potential use of Diplotaxis erucoides as food ingredient for a sustainable modern cuisine and comparison with commercial mustards and wasabis. European Food Research and Technology, 246(7), 1429-1438. doi:10.1007/s00217-020-03501-3Raffo, A., Masci, M., Moneta, E., Nicoli, S., Sánchez del Pulgar, J., & Paoletti, F. (2018). Characterization of volatiles and identification of odor-active compounds of rocket leaves. Food Chemistry, 240, 1161-1170. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.009Mastrandrea, L., Amodio, M. L., Pati, S., & Colelli, G. (2017). Effect of modified atmosphere packaging and temperature abuse on flavor related volatile compounds of rocket leaves (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(8), 2433-2442. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2685-6Miyazawa, M., Maehara, T., & Kurose, K. (2002). Composition of the essential oil from the leaves ofEruca sativa. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17(3), 187-190. doi:10.1002/ffj.1079Petretto, G. L., Urgeghe, P. P., Massa, D., & Melito, S. (2019). Effect of salinity (NaCl) on plant growth, nutrient content, and glucosinolate hydrolysis products trends in rocket genotypes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 141, 30-39. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.012Spadafora, N. D., Amaro, A. L., Pereira, M. J., Müller, C. T., Pintado, M., & Rogers, H. J. (2016). Multi-trait analysis of post-harvest storage in rocket salad (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) links sensorial, volatile and nutritional data. Food Chemistry, 211, 114-123. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.107Spadafora, N. D., Cocetta, G., Ferrante, A., Herbert, R. J., Dimitrova, S., Davoli, D., … Müller, C. T. (2019). Short-Term Post-Harvest Stress that Affects Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds and Gene Expression in Rocket Salad during Early Post-Harvest Senescence. Plants, 9(1), 4. doi:10.3390/plants9010004Villatoro-Pulido, M., Priego-Capote, F., Álvarez-Sánchez, B., Saha, S., Philo, M., Obregón-Cano, S., … Del Río-Celestino, M. (2013). An approach to the phytochemical profiling of rocket [Eruca sativa (Mill.) Thell]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(15), 3809-3819. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6286Bending, G. D., & Lincoln, S. D. (1999). Characterisation of volatile sulphur-containing compounds produced during decomposition of Brassica juncea tissues in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31(5), 695-703. doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(98)00163-1Kroener, E.-M., & Buettner, A. (2017). Unravelling important odorants in horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana ). Food Chemistry, 232, 455-465. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.042Sultana, T., Porter, N. G., Savage, G. P., & McNeil, D. L. (2003). Comparison of Isothiocyanate Yield from Wasabi Rhizome Tissues Grown in Soil or Water. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(12), 3586-3591. doi:10.1021/jf021116cA. Depree, J., M. Howard, T., & P. Savage, G. (1998). Flavour and pharmaceutical properties of the volatile sulphur compounds of Wasabi (Wasabia japonica). Food Research International, 31(5), 329-337. doi:10.1016/s0963-9969(98)00105-7Pasini, F., Verardo, V., Cerretani, L., Caboni, M. F., & D’Antuono, L. F. (2011). Rocket salad (Diplotaxis and Eruca spp.) sensory analysis and relation with glucosinolate and phenolic content. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(15), 2858-2864. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4535Ruther, J. (2000). Retention index database for identification of general green leaf volatiles in plants by coupled capillary gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 890(2), 313-319. doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00618-xD’Auria, J. C., Pichersky, E., Schaub, A., Hansel, A., & Gershenzon, J. (2006). Characterization of a BAHD acyltransferase responsible for producing the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal, 49(2), 194-207. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02946.xThe Good Scents Companyhttp://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/Baenas, N., Marhuenda, J., García-Viguera, C., Zafrilla, P., & Moreno, D. (2019). Influence of Cooking Methods on Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates Content in Novel Cruciferous Foods. Foods, 8(7), 257. doi:10.3390/foods8070257Agneta, R., Lelario, F., De Maria, S., Möllers, C., Bufo, S. A., & Rivelli, A. R. (2014). Glucosinolate profile and distribution among plant tissues and phenological stages of field-grown horseradish. Phytochemistry, 106, 178-187. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.06.019Cools, K., & Terry, L. A. (2018). The effect of processing on the glucosinolate profile in mustard seed. Food Chemistry, 252, 343-348. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.096Bell, L., Oruna-Concha, M. J., & Wagstaff, C. (2015). Identification and quantification of glucosinolate and flavonol compounds in rocket salad (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria and Diplotaxis tenuifolia) by LC–MS: Highlighting the potential for improving nutritional value of rocket crops. Food Chemistry, 172, 852-861. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.116Taranto, F., Francese, G., Di Dato, F., D’Alessandro, A., Greco, B., Onofaro Sanajà, V., … Tripodi, P. (2016). Leaf Metabolic, Genetic, and Morphophysiological Profiles of Cultivated and Wild Rocket Salad (Eruca and Diplotaxis Spp.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(29), 5824-5836. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01737Fahey, J. W., Zalcmann, A. T., & Talalay, P. (2001). The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry, 56(1), 5-51. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00316-2Bell, L., Methven, L., Signore, A., Oruna-Concha, M. J., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Analysis of seven salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions: The relationships between sensory attributes and volatile and non-volatile compounds. Food Chemistry, 218, 181-191. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.07

Spectral comparison of diffuse PAR irradiance under different tree and shrub shading conditions and in cloudy days

[EN] Spectral Solar Photosynthetically Photon Flux Density (PPFD) (380 to 780¿nm) reaching the surface of a plant in different lighting conditions has been analyzed in order to better understand the different photosynthetic performance of plants depending on their spatial situation and the vegetation surrounding. A comparison between the shadow of several trees in a sunny day and the case of a cloudy day in an open space has been studied. Three isolated trees (a palm tree, an olive tree and a shrub oleander) and a tipuana grove have been studied. The study has been developed in Valencia (Spain) during January and February 2017. A portable Asensetek Standard ALP-01 spectrometer with a measurement wavelength range of 380 to 780¿nm, has been used. Conditions with higher PPFD received are found to be, apart from those of a sunny day, those for cloudy day (with a spectral maximum in the Green region of the spectrum), and those for individual trees and shrub shadows in a sunny day (with a spectral maximum in the Blue region). The case in which less amount of PPFD is received is that under the shadow of tipuana grove (with a spectral maximum in the Infrared region of the spectrum). In fact the order of magnitude in which the PPFD in a cloudy day exceeds the PPFD under the tipuana grove shade is up to 20.Gurrea-Ysasi, G.; Blanca Giménez, V.; Fita Fernández, IC.; Fita, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A. (2018). Spectral comparison of diffuse PAR irradiance under different tree and shrub shading conditions and in cloudy days. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology. 189:274-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.023S27428218

Diversidad en el contenido mineral de diferentes variedades botánicas de melón

El melón (Cucumis melo L.) es una especie con gran variabilidad intraespecífica distribuida entre sus dos subespecies, ssp. melo y ssp. agrestis. Esta diversidad se manifiesta en una enorme variedad de tipologías de fruto, fundamentales para la diversificación de mercados pero también en multitud de respuestas fisiológicas y tipologías vegetales. Además, esta diversidad puede ser utilizada para desarrollar variedades más adaptadas a los retos de la nueva agricultura, ser más eficiente y sostenible. En este sentido, conocer la capacidad de absorción y acumulación de nutrientes en diferentes variedades de melón es necesaria para diseñar programas de mejora dirigidos a incrementar la eficiencia en el aprovechamiento de los fertilizantes. En el presente trabajo se ha evaluado el contenido mineral en hojas de plantas adultas de 16 accesiones de melón representantes de los diferentes grupos botánicos cultivadas en invernadero con macetas y ciclo de verano. Dentro de la ssp. agrestis, la entrada de China ensayada fue la que mostró una mayor concentración de K (3,6%). Las entradas de melón Tendral y Amarillo, de la ssp. melo, destacaron por su baja concentración de Ca (alrededor de 1,5%), Mg (0,8%) y S (0,6%), junto con una alta concentración de K (alrededor de 4%) y P (0,9%), siendo su respuesta diferente a la de los otros tipos inodorus ensayados. Las entradas ameri, cantalupensis y reticulatus mostraron concentraciones de nutrientes similares. Los resultados mostraron que existen diferencias significativas en la concentración de minerales en hojas dentro de la especie, demostrando que existe diversidad genotípica en términos de aprovechamiento de fertilizantes. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir como punto de partida para el desarrollo de variedades adaptadas a una agricultura más sostenible

Influence of the Growing Conditions in the Content of Vitamin C in Diplotaxis erucoides

Diplotaxis erucoides is an edible plant with potential for marketing. Here, we analysed the influence of the growing conditions in this species, D. tenuifolia and Eruca sativa, and studied the relation among the ascorbic (AA) and dehydroascorbic (DHA) acid forms. Plants were grown in the late winter-spring season under two conditions, greenhouse and field. The contents in AA, DHA and vitamin C (VC) were analysed by HPLC. The content of VC and AA were, in general, remarkable higher in the plants grown in the field. On the other hand, the mean percentage of DHA was less than 11%, being in this case higher for plants grown in the greenhouse. Thus, growing this potential crop in the field seems a better option in order to increase the content in VC, being AA the main form present at the moment of gathering

Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product

[EN] Wild edible plants can be used for developing new crops and diversifying food markets. Wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) is an annual weed with potential as a new crop. The present study aims at evaluating the effects of different growing conditions in the visual quality of this potential new crop. We evaluated eleven accessions of wall rocket, together with commercial rocket accessions (Eruca sativa and D. tenuifolia). Experiments were simultaneously conducted under field and greenhouse systems, and performed during two seasons. Fifteen descriptors related to leaf size, colour and shape were evaluated. Analysis of variance detected significant differences in size and shape among the three species studied, revealing the distinctiveness of wall rocket from the other rocket crops. This distinctiveness may enhance its establishment as a new crop. Comparison between the wall rocket accessions was also performed. There was relatively low morphological diversity among them. By contrast, the growing conditions had a high effect on the visual quality, especially for colour related traits and intensity of lobation, and also in the flowering time. As a consequence, the heritability estimates were low to moderate. The principal component analysis (PCA) clustered accessions according to the growing conditions, thus reinforcing the importance of environment in the morphology of wall rocket. The most promising quality of the leaves was obtained under field conditions, where the bright green colour and intensity of lobation were enhanced. In particular, accession DER006-1 was identified as a good candidate for developing a new cultivar. These results establish a basis for the management of wall rocket as a new crop. At the same time, results regarding the low diversity registered for morphology in the accessions evaluated have important implications for future breeding programmes of wall rocket.C. Guijarro-Real is grateful to the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for the predoctoral FPU grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank Dr. A. M. Adalid-Martinez, Ms. K. Aguirre, and Ms. S. Benicka for helping in the field tasks.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2019). Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product. Scientia Horticulturae. 258:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108778S19258Araj, S.-E., & Wratten, S. D. (2015). Comparing existing weeds and commonly used insectary plants as floral resources for a parasitoid. Biological Control, 81, 15-20. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.11.003Bell, L., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). The influence of phytochemical composition and resulting sensory attributes on preference for salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions by consumers of varying TAS2R38 diplotype. Food Chemistry, 222, 6-17. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.153Bell, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2014). Glucosinolates, Myrosinase Hydrolysis Products, and Flavonols Found in Rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(20), 4481-4492. doi:10.1021/jf501096xBianco, V. V., Santamaria, P., & Elia, A. (1998). NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND NITRATE CONTENT IN EDIBLE WILD SPECIES USED IN SOUTHERN ITALY. Acta Horticulturae, (467), 71-90. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1998.467.7Bonasia, A., Lazzizera, C., Elia, A., & Conversa, G. (2017). Nutritional, Biophysical and Physiological Characteristics of Wild Rocket Genotypes As Affected by Soilless Cultivation System, Salinity Level of Nutrient Solution and Growing Period. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00300Buitrago Acevedo, M. F., Groen, T. A., Hecker, C. A., & Skidmore, A. K. (2017). Identifying leaf traits that signal stress in TIR spectra. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 125, 132-145. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.014Caruso, G., Parrella, G., Giorgini, M., & Nicoletti, R. (2018). Crop Systems, Quality and Protection of Diplotaxis tenuifolia. Agriculture, 8(4), 55. doi:10.3390/agriculture8040055Cavaiuolo, M., & Ferrante, A. (2014). Nitrates and Glucosinolates as Strong Determinants of the Nutritional Quality in Rocket Leafy Salads. Nutrients, 6(4), 1519-1538. doi:10.3390/nu6041519Colonna, E., Rouphael, Y., Barbieri, G., & De Pascale, S. (2016). Nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities. Food Chemistry, 199, 702-710. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.068D’Amelia, V., Aversano, R., Ruggiero, A., Batelli, G., Appelhagen, I., Dinacci, C., … Carputo, D. (2017). Subfunctionalization of duplicate MYB genes in Solanum commersonii generated the cold-induced ScAN2 and the anthocyanin regulator ScAN1. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41(5), 1038-1051. doi:10.1111/pce.12966D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2008). Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: Diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2009). Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and relatedDiplotaxisandErucaspecies. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(4), 713-722. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3507Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022Egea-Gilabert, C., Fernández, J. A., Migliaro, D., Martínez-Sánchez, J. J., & Vicente, M. J. (2009). Genetic variability in wild vs. cultivated Eruca vesicaria populations as assessed by morphological, agronomical and molecular analyses. Scientia Horticulturae, 121(3), 260-266. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.020Egea-Gilabert, C., Niñirola, D., Conesa, E., Candela, M. E., & Fernández, J. A. (2013). Agronomical use as baby leaf salad of Silene vulgaris based on morphological, biochemical and molecular traits. Scientia Horticulturae, 152, 35-43. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.01.018Egea-Gilabert, C., Ruiz-Hernández, M. V., Parra, M. Á., & Fernández, J. A. (2014). Characterization of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions: Suitability as ready-to-eat product. Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 73-81. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.03.051Figàs, M. R., Prohens, J., Casanova, C., Fernández-de-Córdova, P., & Soler, S. (2018). Variation of morphological descriptors for the evaluation of tomato germplasm and their stability across different growing conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 238, 107-115. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.039Figàs, M. R., Prohens, J., Raigón, M. D., Pereira-Dias, L., Casanova, C., García-Martínez, M. D., … Soler, S. (2018). Insights Into the Adaptation to Greenhouse Cultivation of the Traditional Mediterranean Long Shelf-Life Tomato Carrying the alc Mutation: A Multi-Trait Comparison of Landraces, Selections, and Hybrids in Open Field and Greenhouse. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01774Guarrera, P. M., & Savo, V. (2016). Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202-234. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050Hatfield, J. L., & Prueger, J. H. (2015). Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes, 10, 4-10. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001Martínez-Laborde, J. B., Pita-Villamil, J. M., & Pérez-García, F. (2007). Short communication. Secondary dormancy in Diplotaxis erucoides: a possible adaptative strategy as an annual weed. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 402. doi:10.5424/sjar/2007053-265Metsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., & Nuez, F. (2002). Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Two Growing Seasons. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(2), 271-278. doi:10.21273/jashs.127.2.271Roshanak, S., Rahimmalek, M., & Goli, S. A. H. (2015). Evaluation of seven different drying treatments in respect to total flavonoid, phenolic, vitamin C content, chlorophyll, antioxidant activity and color of green tea (Camellia sinensis or C. assamica) leaves. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(1), 721-729. doi:10.1007/s13197-015-2030-xStagnari, F., Di Mattia, C., Galieni, A., Santarelli, V., D’Egidio, S., Pagnani, G., & Pisante, M. (2018). Light quantity and quality supplies sharply affect growth, morphological, physiological and quality traits of basil. Industrial Crops and Products, 122, 277-289. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.073Stommel, J. R., Whitaker, B. D., Haynes, K. G., & Prohens, J. (2015). Genotype × environment interactions in eggplant for fruit phenolic acid content. Euphytica, 205(3), 823-836. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1415-2Taranto, F., Francese, G., Di Dato, F., D’Alessandro, A., Greco, B., Onofaro Sanajà, V., … Tripodi, P. (2016). Leaf Metabolic, Genetic, and Morphophysiological Profiles of Cultivated and Wild Rocket Salad (Eruca and Diplotaxis Spp.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(29), 5824-5836. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01737Voss-Fels, K., & Snowdon, R. J. (2015). Understanding and utilizing crop genome diversity via high-resolution genotyping. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 14(4), 1086-1094. doi:10.1111/pbi.1245

Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides)

[EN] Wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) is a wild edible herb traditionally consumed in the Mediterranean regions with a characteristic, pungent flavour. However, little is known about its acceptance as a potential new crop. In the present study, an hedonic test with 98 volunteers was performed in order to evaluate the potential of wall rocket as a new crop. Three products were tested corresponding to microgreens, seedlings and baby-leaves. The volatile constituents were also studied due to their probable influence on acceptance, and compared to Dijon's mustard and wasabi. The degree of acceptance was mainly related to taste and pungency. Microgreens were well accepted, whereas seedlings and baby-leaves were mainly appreciated by individuals that enjoy pungent tastes. The purchase intent was also highly related to the acceptance of taste and pungency. The volatiles profile revealed that wall rocket was rich in allyl isothiocyanate, like mustard and wasabi. This compound may be greatly responsible of the relationship between the acceptance of mustard, wasabi and wall rocket. Microgreens displayed the highest levels of isothiocyanates, although the quantity of product tested by panellists did not probably allow the appreciation of such compounds. In baby-leaves, a significant decrease in isothiocyanates GC area and relative abundances was observed. These results suggest that wall rocket microgreens would be accepted by a significant proportion of the general public since pungency is lowly perceived in the product, despite its high levels of isothiocyanates. By contrast, baby-leaves may become a crop for a cohort of consumers that enjoy pungent flavours.C. Guijarro-Real thanks the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for its financial support with a PhD grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank Dr. A.M. Adalid and Dr. C.K. Pires for support in the tasting session, and Ms. E. Moreno for assistance with the GC-MS analysis.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2020). Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides). Food Research International. 132:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109008S19132Agneta, R., Lelario, F., De Maria, S., Möllers, C., Bufo, S. A., & Rivelli, A. R. (2014). Glucosinolate profile and distribution among plant tissues and phenological stages of field-grown horseradish. Phytochemistry, 106, 178-187. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.06.019Angelino, D., Dosz, E. B., Sun, J., Hoeflinger, J. L., Van Tassell, M. L., Chen, P., … Jeffery, E. H. (2015). Myrosinase-dependent and –independent formation and control of isothiocyanate products of glucosinolate hydrolysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00831Bell, L., Methven, L., Signore, A., Oruna-Concha, M. J., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). 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