New types of bialgebras arising from the Hopf equation

New types of bialgebras arising from the Hopf equation (pentagonal equation) are introduced and studied. They will play from the Hopf equation the same role as the co-quasitriangular do from the quantum Yang Baxter equation.Comment: Latex2e, Comm Algebra, in pres

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Scientific information has become a centralr ationalef or environmental regulation, and scientific uncertainty is viewed as a major obstacle in developing, justifying, and enforcing environmental laws and policies. In the context of environmental regulation, scientific information may be analyzed as subject to both supply and demand. A regulatory system that supplies more scientific information than it demands can operate effectively to impose protective regulation. By contrast, a system that demands more information than it supplies will face a data gap and will fail to accomplish its protective goals. The data gap can be addressed by applying regulatory techniques that increase the supply of data by providing more information (\u27filling the gap) or that reduce the demand by permitting regulation to proceed despite uncertainty and incomplete information ( bridging the gap). Environmental law is also structured by the divide between pollution control and chemical regulation on the one hand, and resource management on the other. In addressing the data gap, therefore, it is necessary to distinguish not only between supply and demand, but also between chemical and conservation issues. The existence of a data gap between the scientific information necessary for effective environmental regulation and the information available to regulators and the public presents an opportunity to study the causes and extent of the differences in the chemical and conservation regulatory systems. Missing Information: The Scientific Data Gap in Conservation and Chemical Regulation, Symposium held on March 24, 2006 at Indiana University School of Law- Bloomington

What Is Judicial Ideology, and How Should We Measure It?

Part I of this Article explores the theoretical problem that scholars use the term “judicial ideology” in the absence of any widespread agreement or clear understanding as to what the term means in the first place. It is difficult for scholars to devise appropriate and broadly acceptable measures of judicial ideology when they and their readers have different concepts—or perhaps no coherent concept at all—of “judicial ideology” in mind. As a result, bona fide intellectual disagreement over the nature of judicial behavior is too easily compounded by outright misunderstanding. Part II discusses three of the most significant and common practical obstacles to the measurement of judicial ideology. First, ideology is not a tangible phenomenon that can be directly observed. Second, judicial behavior is often open to multiple interpretations. Third, judicial ideology may be a multidimensional phenomenon, such that a judge who is liberal in one context may be moderate or conservative in another, or the labels “liberal,” “moderate,” and “conservative” may not seem applicable at all. Parts III and IV of this Article aim to address an important practical need of judicial behavior scholars. There are several ways in which one can measure judicial ideology, but little has been written about how researchers should go about choosing among these methods. Competing considerations of accuracy, convenience, and ease of interpretation make it difficult to know what measurementapproach is most appropriate to the task at hand. In Part III, the relative merits of three popular approaches are identified and discussed: the use of proxy measures, the assessment of judicial ideology based on the actual behavior of the judges in a particular context, and the transplantation of ideology measures developed in one context into other contexts involving partly or wholly different data. Finally, in Part IV, the real-world performance of different measurement approaches are compared, using data drawn from the federal courts of appeals and the Supreme Court

Toward an ecological aesthetics: music as emergence

In this article we intend to suggest some ecological based principles to support the possibility of develop an ecological aesthetics. We consider that an ecological aesthetics is founded in concepts as “direct perception”, “acquisition of affordances and invariants”, “embodied embedded perception” and so on. Here we will purpose that can be possible explain especially soundscape music perception in terms of direct perception, working with perception of first hand (in a Gibsonian sense). We will present notions as embedded sound, detection of sonic affordances and invariants, and at the end we purpose an experience with perception/action paradigm to make soundscape music as emergence of a self-organized system

The Hopf modules category and the Hopf equation

We study the Hopf equation which is equivalent to the pentagonal equation, from operator algebras. A FRT type theorem is given and new types of quantum groups are constructed. The key role is played now by the classical Hopf modules category. As an application, a five dimensional noncommutative noncocommutative bialgebra is given.Comment: 30 pages, Letax2e, Comm. Algebra in pres