Labahitha nom.n., çàìåùàþùåå íàçâàíèå äëÿ Mystes Bristowe, 1938, ñ ïåðåîïèñàíèåì òèïîâîãî âèäà (Aranei: Filistatidae)

The monotypic genus Mystes Bristowe, 1938, and its type species, M. oonopiformis Bristowe, 1938, are redescribed based on the neotype male (designated here) and several females. The male is described for the first time and the female endogyne is illustrated for the first time. Morphological analysis reveals that the genus belongs to the Prithinae and is close to the Australian genera Wandella Gray, 1994 and Yardiella Gray, 1994. As the name Mystes is preoccupied by Mystes Champion, 1895 (Coleoptera: Melandryidae), we propose Labahitha nom.n. as a replacement name.Монотипичный род Mystes Bristowe, 1938, и его типовой вид M. oonopiformis Bristowe, 1938 переописываются по обозначенному здесь сам- цу-неотипу и нескольким самкам. Впервые для вида описываются самец и приводятся изображения эн- догины самки. Морфологические признаки этого рода указывают на то, что он принадлежит к под- сем. Prithinae и может быть близкородственным по отношению к Wandella Gray, 1994, и Yardiella Gray, 1994. Так как название Mystes преоккупировано ро- дом Mystes Champion, 1895 (Coleoptera: Melandryidae), мы предлагаем Labahitha nom. n. как замеща- ющее название.Fil: Zonstenin, Sergei L.. Steinhardt Museum Of Natural History, Tel-aviv Universi; IsraelFil: Marusik, Yuri M.. Institute For Biological Problems Of The North; RusiaFil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentin

Incorporating topological and age uncertainty into event-based biogeography of sand spiders supports paleo-islands in galapagos and ancient connections among neotropical dry forests

Event-based biogeographic methods, such as dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis, have become increasingly popular for attempting to reconstruct the biogeographic history of organisms. Such methods employ distributional data of sampled species and a dated phylogenetic tree to estimate ancestral distribution ranges. Because the input tree is often a single consensus tree, uncertainty in topology and age estimates are rarely accounted for, even when they may affect the outcome of biogeographic estimates. Even when such uncertainties are taken into account for estimates of ancestral ranges, they are usually ignored when researchers compare competing biogeographic hypotheses. We explore the effect of incorporating this uncertainty in a biogeographic analysis of the 21 species of sand spiders (Sicariidae: Sicarius) from Neotropical xeric biomes, based on a total-evidence phylogeny including a complete sampling of the genus. Using a custom R script, we account for uncertainty in ages and topology by estimating ancestral ranges over a sample of trees from the posterior distribution of a Bayesian analysis, and for uncertainty in biogeographic estimates by using stochastic maps. This approach allows for counting biogeographic events such as dispersal among areas, counting lineages through time per area, and testing biogeographic hypotheses, while not overestimating the confidence in a single topology. Including uncertainty in ages indicates that Sicarius dispersed to the Galapagos Islands when the archipelago was formed by paleo-islands that are now submerged; model comparison strongly favors a scenario where dispersal took place before the current islands emerged. We also investigated past connections among currently disjunct Neotropical dry forests; failing to account for topological uncertainty underestimates possible connections among the Caatinga and Andean dry forests in favor of connections among Caatinga and Caribbean + Mesoamerican dry forests. Additionally, we find that biogeographic models including a founder-event speciation parameter (“+J”) are more prone to suffer from the overconfidence effects of estimating ancestral ranges using a single topology. This effect is alleviated by incorporating topological and age uncertainty while estimating stochastic maps, increasing the similarity in the inference of biogeographic events between models with or without a founder-event speciation parameter. We argue that incorporating phylogenetic uncertainty in biogeographic hypothesis-testing is valuable and should be a commonplace approach in the presence of rogue taxa or wide confidence intervals in age estimates, and especially when using models including founder-event speciation.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Santos, Adalberto J.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

The World Spider Trait database: a centralized global open repository for curated data on spider traits

Spiders are a highly diversified group of arthropods and play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems as ubiquitous predators, which makes them a suitable group to test a variety of eco-evolutionary hypotheses. For this purpose, knowledge of a diverse range of species traits is required. Until now, data on spider traits have been scattered across thousands of publications produced for over two centuries and written in diverse languages. To facilitate access to such data, we developed an online database for archiving and accessing spider traits at a global scale. The database has been designed to accommodate a great variety of traits (e.g. ecological, behavioural and morphological) measured at individual, species or higher taxonomic levels. Records are accompanied by extensive metadata (e.g. location and method). The database is curated by an expert team, regularly updated and open to any user. A future goal of the growing database is to include all published and unpublished data on spider traits provided by experts worldwide and to facilitate broad cross-taxon assays in functional ecology and comparative biology.Fil: Pekár, Stano. Masaryk University; República ChecaFil: Wolff, Jonas O. University of Greifswald; AlemaniaFil: Cernecká, L'udmila. Slovak Academy of Sciences; ArgentinaFil: Birkhofer, Klaus. Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus; AlemaniaFil: Mammola, Stefano. University of Helsinki; FinlandiaFil: Lowe, Elizabeth C.. Macquarie University; AustraliaFil: Fukushima, Caroline S.. University of Helsinki; FinlandiaFil: Herberstein, Marie E.. Macquarie University; AustraliaFil: Kucera, Adam. Masaryk University; República ChecaFil: Buzatto, Bruno A.. University of Western Australia; AustraliaFil: Djoudi, El Aziz. Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus; AlemaniaFil: Domenech, Marc. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Enciso, Alison Vanesa. Fundación Protectora Ambiental Planadas Tolima; ColombiaFil: Piñanez Espejo, Yolanda María Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Febles, Sara. No especifíca;Fil: García, Luis F. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Gonçalves Souza, Thiago. Universidad Federal Rural Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Isaia, Marco. Università di Torino; ItaliaFil: Lafage, Denis. Universite de Rennes I; FranciaFil: Líznarová, Eva. Masaryk University; República ChecaFil: Macías Hernández, Nuria. Universidad de La Laguna; EspañaFil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Malumbres Olarte, Jagoba. Universidade Dos Açores; PortugalFil: Michálek, Ondrej. Masaryk University; República ChecaFil: Michalik, Peter. ERNST MORITZ ARNDT UNIVERSITÄT GREIFSWALD (UG);Fil: Michalko, Radek. No especifíca;Fil: Milano, Filippo. Università di Torino; ItaliaFil: Munévar, Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Nentwig, Wolfgang. University of Bern; SuizaFil: Nicolosi, Giuseppe. Università di Torino; ItaliaFil: Painting, Christina J. No especifíca;Fil: Pétillon, Julien. Universite de Rennes I; FranciaFil: Piano, Elena. Università di Torino; ItaliaFil: Privet, Kaïna. Universite de Rennes I; FranciaFil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ramos, Cândida. No especifíca;Fil: Rezác, Milan. No especifíca;Fil: Ridel, Aurélien. Universite de Rennes I; FranciaFil: Ruzicka, Vlastimil. No especifíca;Fil: Santos, Irene. No especifíca;Fil: Sentenská, Lenka. Masaryk University; República ChecaFil: Walker, Leilani. No especifíca;Fil: Wierucka, Kaja. Universitat Zurich; SuizaFil: Zurita, Gustavo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Cardoso, Pedro. No especifíca

A new, relictual Antilloides from Mexican caves: First mainland record of the genus and revised placement of the fossil Misionella didicostae (Araneae: Filistatidae)

Cave organisms are often relictual, ancient lineages that conserve characters no longer represented in their closest relatives. I here present a new species of Filistatidae from Mexican caves with a notable suite of characters that preclude its placement in any of the filistatid genera currently recorded from North America. A detailed study of its morphology using light and scanning electron microscopy indicates that this is the first mainland species of Antilloides Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Alayón, 2016 and I describe it as Antilloides chupacabras sp. nov. The genus was previously known only from the Antilles, and its presence in Mexico is evidence of a wider distribution. I here identify some characters which are novel putative synapomorphies of Antilloides, and the phylogenetic affinities of the genus are discussed. Finally, the presence of a modified metatarsus II in males of the new species, among other characters, suggests that the only known fossil filistatid, Misionella didicostae Penney, 2005 from Dominican amber, is misplaced in this genus and the new combination Antilloides didicostae comb. nov. is proposed.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentin

Spreadsheets to expedite taxonomic publications by automatic generation of morphological descriptions and specimen lists

It is now generally accepted that we are going through a major mass extinction event that is causing biodiversity lossat alarming rates (Barnosky et al. 2011). We also know that many species remain to be formally described (e.g. Huber2014), and concerns have been raised as to whether we will be able to document these before they go extinct (Costello etal. 2013). On one hand, the number of recognized species increases exponentially (e.g. Agnarsson et al. 2013; Sangster &Luksenburg 2015). On the other, taxonomic descriptions are becoming more complete and detailed, which is necessarilymore time-consuming, leading to an overall decline in the number of species described per taxonomist (Sangster & Luksenburg2015). In this scenario, any method or protocol that increases efficiency in taxonomic descriptions is welcome.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

Systematics of the spiders of the family Filistatidae (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

Los filistátidos son una antigua familia de arañas cribeladas sin parientes cercanos vivientes. Son uno de los primeros linajes de arañas araneomorfas y presentan una complicada mezcla de caracteres primitivos y derivados que las convierten en un taxón clave para elucidar el árbol evolutivo de las arañas. Su moderada diversidad (~160 especies en 19 géneros) está distribuída principalmente en zonas subtropicales áridas y semi-áridas de todos los continentes, excepto la Antártida. Sin embargo, sus hábitos crípticos y morfología simple hacen con que el estudio de su diversidad se vea dificultado, por lo cual la taxonomía de la familia ha sido relativamente poco estudiada y muchas especies sigan siendo desconocidas para la ciencia. El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar a fondo la diversidad y relaciones de parentesco entre los miembros de Filistatidae, con énfasis en los géneros que ocurren en el continente americano. Para tanto, procedí al examen de ~5500 de especímenes de filistátidos depositados en museos y colecciones científicas alrededor del globo, representando todos los géneros y regiones geográficas donde ocurren. A partir del estudio de la morfología de dichos ejemplares utilizando técnicas de microscopía óptica y electrónica, produje una matriz de 270 caracteres morfológicos codificados para 85 especies de filistátidos eligidos para representar la diversidad filogenética de la familia. Además, secuencié fragmentos de cuatro marcadores moleculares (COI, 16S, H3 y 28S) para 76 especies, totalizando 2392 pb. El análisis de los datos (morfológicos, moleculares, y combinados) consistentemente indica la separación de los Filistatidae en dos subfamilias, Prithinae y Filistatinae, además de soportar varios grupos de géneros: Filistata, Zaitunia y un nuevo género de Madagascar; Sahastata y Kukulcania; todas las Prithinae excepto Filistatinella y Microfilistata; Antilloides y Filistatoides; un gran grupo del Viejo Mundo incluyendo a Pritha, Tricalamus, Afrofilistata, Labahitha, Yardiella, Wandella y posibles géneros nuevos; y un grupo sudamericano formado por Lihuelistata, Pikelinia y Misionella. La mayoría de los géneros son válidos, aunque Pikelinia sea parafilético en relación a Misionella, por lo cual propongo que los dos géneros se consideren como sinónimos. Propongo varias nuevas combinaciones genéricas para que la nomenclatura refleje los resultados filogenéticos obtenidos. Todos los géneros son profusamente ilustrados, redescritos, re-diagnosticados y tienen su distribución geográfica mapeada. Reviso la taxonomía de varios grupos, principalmente americanos. Los géneros Filistatinella (México y Estados Unidos) y Kukulcania (principalmente Norte y Centroamérica, con poblaciones introducidas a Sudamérica) son completamente revisados con base en el examen de especímenes tipo y nuevos ejemplares depositados en colecciones; describo respectivamente siete y ocho nuevas especies de cada género, además de una nueva especie de Antilloides (México). Finalmente, presento comentarios taxonómicos y una pequeña revisión de las especies conocidas de los géneros sudamericanos Pikelinia, Lihuelistata y Misionella, con comentarios sobre especies desconocidas de Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia y Perú. Frente a la hipótesis filogenética obtenida y las distribuciones geográficas de los distintos géneros y especies, discuto la evolución de algunos sistemas de caracteres morfológicos, así como algunas hipótesis biogeográficas apuntadas a explicar la actual distribución de la familia y sus principales clados.Filistatids are an ancient family of cribellate spiders without living close relatives. They are one of the first lineages of araneomorph spiders and present a complicated mixture of primitive and derivate characters that make them a key taxon to elucidate the evolutionary tree of spiders. Its moderate diversity (~ 160 species in 19 genera) is distributed mainly in arid and semi-arid subtropical zones of all continents, except Antarctica. However, their cryptic habits and simple morphology hamper the study of their diversity, so the taxonomy of the family has been relatively little studied and many species remain unknown to science. The objective of this thesis is to study in depth the diversity and relationships among the members of Filistatidae, with emphasis on the genera that occur in the American continent. For this, I proceeded to examine ~5500 filistatid specimens deposited in museums and scientific collections around the globe, representing all the genera and geographic regions where they occur. From the study of the morphology of these specimens using optical and electronic microscopy techniques, I produced a matrix of 270 morphological characters coded for 85 species of filistatids chosen to represent the phylogenetic diversity of the family. In addition, I sequenced fragments of four molecular markers (COI, 16S, H3 and 28S; 2392 aligned positions) for 76 species. The analysis of the data (morphological, molecular, and combined) consistently indicates the separation of the Filistatidae into two subfamilies, Prithinae and Filistatinae, in addition to supporting several groups of genera: Filistata, Zaitunia and an undescribed genus from Madagascar; Sahastata and Kukulcania; all Prithinae except Filistatinella and Microfilistata; Antilloides and Filistatoides; a large Old World group including Pritha, Tricalamus, Afrofilistata, Labahitha, Yardiella, Wandella and possible new genera; and a South American group formed by Lihuelistata, Pikelinia and Misionella. Most genera are valid, although Pikelinia is paraphyletic in relation to Misionella, so I here propose that the two genera are considered synonyms. I propose several new generic combinations so that the nomenclature reflects the obtained phylogenetic results. All genera are profusely illustrated, redescribed, re-diagnosed and have their geographical distribution mapped. I review the taxonomy of several, mainly American groups. The genera Filistatinella (Mexico and the United States) and Kukulcania (mainly North and Central America, with populations introduced to South America) are completely revised based on the examination of type specimens and new specimens deposited in collections; I describe respectively seven and eight new species of each genus, as well as one new species of Antilloides (Mexico). Finally, I present taxonomic comments and a small review of the known species of the South American genera Pikelinia, Lihuelistata and Misionella, with comments on hitherto undescribed species from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru. In light of the new phylogenetic hypothesis and the geographical distributions of the different genera and species, I discuss the evolution of some morphological character systems, as well as some biogeographical hypotheses aimed at explaining the current distribution of the family and its main clades.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentin

On new or poorly known Australian Filistatidae spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae), including a study on the fine morphology of Wandella

I present an update on the taxonomy of the filistatid genera Wandella Gray and Yardiella Gray, both endemic to Australia. Two new species are described: Wandella grayi sp. nov., known from Queensland, and Wandella infernalis sp. nov., known from a single cave in Western Australia. The male of Wandella australiensis (L. Koch) and the females of Wandella stuartensis Gray and Wandella waldockae Gray are described and illustrated for the first time. New records are given for these and other species of Australian filistatids, including the first epigeal records of Yardiella humphreysi Gray, a species so far known only from caves. Updated distribution maps are presented. Additionally, I present novel morphological data for Wandella using light and scanning electron microscopy. The cephalothorax, spinning organs, genitalia and appendages of some species are illustrated in detail. I report the presence of a putative claw extensor muscle in the male palpal cymbium, and describe interesting modifications in the clypeal region of adult males. The phylogenetic significance of these characters is briefly discussed.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentin

Relationships and phylogenetic revision of Filistatinella spiders (Araneae:Filistatidae)

Filistatids represent an antique lineage of araneomorph spiders which are most diverse in arid and semiarid regions of the globe. Phylogenetic relationships among its genera are still largely unexplored, and previous studies disagree on the position of the North American Filistatinella Gertsch & Ivie, 1936, which could either be the sister group of all other, Prithinae, or deeply nested in the subfamily. We present a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on morphological data, which supports the position of Filistatinella at the base of Prithinae. We also argue that the central Asian Pholcoides Roewer, 1960, hitherto considered incertae sedis in the subfamily, represents the putative sister group of Filistatinella. The latter genus is revised, and we describe its fine morphology in detail using optical and scanning electron microscopy. We redescribe the three previously known species, F. crassipalpis (Gertsch, 1935), F. domestica Desales-Lara, 2012 and F. palaciosi Jiménez & Palacios-Cardiel, 2012. Seven new species are named: F. kahloae, sp. nov. and F. chilindrina, sp. nov. from Mexico; F. pistrix, sp. nov., F. tohono, sp. nov., F. howdyall, sp. nov. and F. hermosa, sp. nov. from south-western USA; andF. spatulata, sp. nov. from the border between the two countries. The phylogenetic relationships among these 10 species are assessed, revealing the monophyly of the genus.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

The crevice weaver spider genus kukulcania (Araneae: Filistatidae)

Filistatidae is one of the most phylogenetically enigmatic spider groups, and the genus Kukulcania Lehtinen includes the commonest representatives of the family. Its type species, K. hibernalis (Hentz, 1842), remains a favorite candidate for studies on spider phylogeny and comparative morphology. However, little is known about the taxonomy, species limits, and distribution of its closest relatives, because no generic revision has ever been undertaken. We present the first comprehensive assessment of the taxonomy of Kukulcania. The species K. hibernalis, K. arizonica (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935), K. utahana (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935), K. hurca (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942), K. brignolii (Alayón, 1981) comb. nov. (transferred here from Filistata Latreille), K.Tractans (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896), and K. geophila (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935) are redescribed based on our examination of type material. We show that the name Filistata brevipes Keyserling, 1883, which had previously been placed in Kukulcania, actually belongs to a prithine spider, and propose the new combination Pikelinia brevipes (Keyserling, 1883). Filistata geophila wawona Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942, is newly synonymized with Kukulcania geophila. Eight new species of Kukulcania are described: K. cochimi, sp. nov. (from Baja California), K. gertschi, sp. nov. (northern Mexico), K. mexicana, sp. nov. (central Mexico), K. santosi, sp. nov. (southern Mexico to northern South America; previously misidentified as K. brevipes), K.Tequila, sp. nov. (western Mexico), K. chingona, sp. nov. (western Mexico), K. benita, sp. nov. (endemic to the San Benito Islands in Baja California) and K. bajacali, sp. nov. (Baja California). With this, the number of recognized species in the genus is increased to 15. All species have their distributions mapped and both sexes illustrated. The first identification key to the genus is presented. A study on the morphology of the genus is undertaken using light and scanning electron microscopy, and the phylogenetic position of Kukulcania within the Filistatinae is briefly discussed. A novel putative synapomorphy for the subfamily is proposed.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

The malagasy species of the crevice weaver genus Andoharano (Araneae: Filistatidae)

The Malagasy species of the filistatidspider genus Andoharano Lehtinen are revised. Thefour previously known species, all from caves, areredescribed and have their type material illustrated.The paratypes of A. milloti Legendre are notconspecific with its holotype and are herein describedas A. rollardae sp. nov. The first epigean representativesof the genus on the island are recorded, and afurther six species are described: A. simoni sp. nov.,A. zonsteini sp. nov., A. woodae sp. nov., A. lehtinenisp. nov., A. griswoldi sp. nov., and A. ramirezi sp.nov. Interestingly, each of the species occurring incaves is morphologically similar to a different epigeanspecies, suggesting repeated invasions of the subterraneanrealm. The fine morphology of the genus isillustrated, including the first scanning electronmicroscopy images of genitalia, spinnerets, and otherstructures.Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Grismado, Cristian José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin