Promising practice in school-related gender-based violence(SRGBV) prevention and response programming globally

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Preliminary Investigation of the Abuse of Girls in Zimbabwean Junior Secondary Schools

Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,

An Investigative Study of the Abuse of Girls in African Schools

Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,

Testing the human factor: Radiocarbon dating the first peoples of the South Pacific

Archaeologists have long debated the origins and mode of dispersal of the immediate predecessors of all Polynesians and many populations in Island Melanesia. Such debates are inextricably linked to a chronological framework provided, in part, by radiocarbon dates. Human remains have the greatest potential for providing answers to many questions pertinent to these debates. Unfortunately, bone is one of the most complicated materials to date reliably because of bone degradation, sample pretreatment and diet. This is of particular concern in the Pacific where humidity contributes to the rapid decay of bone protein, and a combination of marine, reef, C₄, C₃ and freshwater foods complicate the interpretation of ¹⁴C determinations. Independent advances in bone pretreatment, isotope multivariate modelling and radiocarbon calibration techniques provide us, for the first time, with the tools to obtain reliable calibrated ages for Pacific burials. Here we present research that combines these techniques, enabling us to re-evaluate the age of burials from key archaeological sites in the Pacific

The Impact of Training on Women's Micro-Enterprise Development

Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Gender violence in schools: taking the ‘girls-as-victims’ discourse forward

This paper draws attention to the gendered nature of violence in schools. Recent recognition that schools can be violent places has tended to ignore the fact that many such acts originate in unequal and antagonistic gender relations, which are tolerated and ‘normalised’ by everyday school structures and processes. After examining some key concepts and definitions, we provide a brief overview of the scope and various manifestations of gender violence in schools, noting that most research to date has focused on girls as victims of gender violence within a heterosexual context and ignores other forms such as homophobic and girl violence. We then move on to look at a few interventions designed to address gender violence in schools in the developing world and end by highlighting the need for more research and improved understanding of the problem and how it can be addressed

The association between community mental health nursing and hospital admissions for people with serious mental illness: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND:Relapse prevention is an important objective in the management of serious mental illness (SMI). While community mental health nurses (CMHN) might be well-placed to support people with SMI in averting relapse, no systematic reviews have examined this association. AIM:To review the evidence from studies reporting an association between CMHN exposure and hospitalisation of persons living with SMI (a proxy for relapse). METHODS:Searches were undertaken in ten bibliographic databases and two clinical trial registries. We included studies of patients with SMI, where CMHN was the exposure, and the outcome was relapse (i.e. readmission to a psychiatric inpatient facility). Quality assessment of included studies was completed using two risk-of-bias measures. RESULTS:Two studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were rated as being of low-moderate methodological quality. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that community mental health nursing reduced the risk of admission to psychiatric inpatient facilities. CONCLUSIONS:The review found no evidence that CMHN was associated with higher or lower odds of admission to psychiatric inpatient facilities among patients with SMI. The findings of the review point to a need for further research to investigate the impact of CMHN exposure and relapse in people with SMI. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:PROSPERO CRD42017058694

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–Associated Antigen 4 Plays an Essential Role in the Function of Cd25+Cd4+ Regulatory Cells That Control Intestinal Inflammation

It is now clear that functionally specialized regulatory T (Treg) cells exist as part of the normal immune repertoire, preventing the development of pathogenic responses to both self- and intestinal antigens. Here, we report that the Treg cells that control intestinal inflammation express the same phenotype (CD25+CD45RBlowCD4+) as those that control autoimmunity. Previous studies have failed to identify how CD25+ Treg cells function in vivo. Our studies reveal that the immune-suppressive function of these cells in vivo is dependent on signaling via the negative regulator of T cell activation cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), as well as secretion of the immune-suppressive cytokine transforming growth factor β. Strikingly, constitutive expression of CTLA-4 among CD4+ cells was restricted primarily to Treg cells, suggesting that CTLA-4 expression by these cells is involved in their immune-suppressive function. These findings raise the possibility that Treg cell function contributes to the immune suppression characteristic of CTLA-4 signaling. Identification of costimulatory molecules involved in the function of Treg cells may facilitate further characterization of these cells and development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases

An Essential Role for Interleukin 10 in the Function of Regulatory T Cells That Inhibit Intestinal Inflammation

A T helper cell type 1–mediated colitis develops in severe combined immunodeficient mice after transfer of CD45RBhigh CD4+ T cells and can be prevented by cotransfer of the CD45RBlow subset. The immune-suppressive activities of the CD45RBlow T cell population can be reversed in vivo by administration of an anti-transforming growth factor β antibody. Here we show that interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential mediator of the regulatory functions of the CD45RBlow population. This population isolated from IL-10–deficient (IL-10−/−) mice was unable to protect from colitis and when transferred alone to immune-deficient recipients induced colitis. Treatment with an anti–murine IL-10 receptor monoclonal antibody abrogated inhibition of colitis mediated by wild-type (WT) CD45RBlow CD4+ cells, suggesting that IL-10 was necessary for the effector function of the regulatory T cell population. Inhibition of colitis by WT regulatory T cells was not dependent on IL-10 production by progeny of the CD45RBhigh CD4+ cells, as CD45RBlow CD4+ cells from WT mice were able to inhibit colitis induced by IL-10−/− CD45RBhigh CD4+ cells. These findings provide the first clear evidence that IL-10 plays a nonredundant role in the functioning of regulatory T cells that control inflammatory responses towards intestinal antigens

‘A FARM IS LIKE A CHILD WHO CANNOT BE LEFT UNGUARDED’: GENDER, LAND AND LABOUR IN CENTRAL PROVINCE, KENYA

Summary This article examines the relationship between women and men and their environment in an area of intensively farmed smallholdings in Kenya. The case study demonstrates how their relationship is constantly renegotiated through the contestation of rights to land and labour in a context of growing economic stress. It is argued that the sustainable management of the resource base, the soil, is contingent on both the level of wealth or poverty of the household and the degree to which women have secure rights to land and to labour. RESUME ‘La ferme est comme un enfant: on ne saurait les laisser sans surveillance’. Le genre, la terre et le travail dans la Province centrale du Kenya. Cet article examine le rappport entre les femmes, les hommes et leur environnement dans une région du Kenya formée de petites fermes dont l'exploitation est intensive. L'étude de cas démontre la mesure dans laquelle leurs rapports sont constamment renégociés par la contestation des droits à la terre même et au travail dans un contexte où les contraintes économiques s'avèrent de plus en plus sévères. Essentiellement, l'auteur de l'article estime que la gestion permanente de la ressource de base ? la terre ? dépend à la fois du niveau de richesse ou de pauvreté du ménage et aussi, de la mesure dans laquelle les droits de la femme relatifs à la terre et au travail sont des droits assurés. RESUMEN ‘Una granja es como un ninño a quien no se puede dejar solo’: género, tierra y trabajo en la provincia central de Kenya Este artículo examina le relación entre hombres y mujeres y su medio ambiente en un área de minifundios de explotación intensiva en Kenya. El estudio del caso demuestra cómo la relación es renegociada constantemente a través de la reivindicación de derechos a la tierra y al trabajo en un contexto de creciente tensión económica. Se argumenta que el manejo sostenible del recurso básico, la tierra, está supeditado tanto al nivel de riqueza o pobreza de la unidad familiar como al grado de seguridad de que gozan las mujeres en lo que se refiere a la tierra y al trabajo