The 1970 British Commonwealth Games: Scottish reactions to apartheid and sporting boycotts

Abstract The 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh is widely thought to have been a barnstorming success and an excellent advertisement for Scotland. Recent research by the authors, however, shows that the event was a deeply politicized one: reflective of Scotland’s status as a “stateless nation,” of Westminster politics during the era more generally, and of the politics surrounding apartheid South Africa’s sporting contacts with the outside world. The games managed to avert a mass boycott organized by the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC), in retaliation for the Marylebone Cricket Club’s recent invitation of the South African national cricket team. This article will explore Scotland’s place as a nonstate actor within the 1970 crisis. Attention will be given to the domestic political response from Scottish members of Parliament, members of local Scottish councils (particularly within Edinburgh itself), and Scottish National Party (SNP) activists, angered that Scotland should pay for the crimes perceived to be made by an English sporting body. However, our piece goes beyond these discourses, to examine the broader sporting relationship that Scots had with South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), governed by white supremacist regimes during the period. Policy documents, housed in the National Records of Scotland, express UK Cabinet-level concerns about the actions of individual sporting clubs’ tours of the countries. This article will also look at how cabinet ministers, most notably Labour’s Minister for Sport Denis Howell, intervened to shape Scotland’s devolved sporting councils’ policies on contacts with South Africa and Rhodesia.</jats:p

Determining the change in welfare estimates from introducing measurement error in non-linear choice models

Observed and unobserved characteristics of an individual are often used by researchers to explain choices over the provision of environmental goods. One means for identifying what is typically an unobserved characteristic, such as an attitude, is through some data reduction technique, such as factor analysis. However, the resultant variable represents the true attitude with measurement error, and hence, when included into a non-linear choice model, introduces bias in the model. There are well established methods to overcome this issue, which are seldom implemented. In an application to preferences over two water source alternatives for Perth in Western Australia, we use structural equation modeling within a discrete choice model to determine whether welfare measures are significantly impacted by ignoring measurement error in latent attitudes, and the advantage to policy makers from understanding what drives certain attitudes.contingent valuation, attitudes, structural equation modeling, recycled water, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Q51, Q53, C13,

Student health professionals' attitudes and experience after watching 'Ida's diary', a first-person account of living with borderline personality disorder:mixed methods study

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the use of commercial movies in nursing education, or 'cinenurducation'. There is a need for educational interventions which target mental health nurses' attitudes towards people with borderline personality disorder.OBJECTIVES: To investigate and evaluate the experience and effects of attendance at a screening of the movie Ida’s Diary, a first-person account of living with borderline personality disorder.DESIGN: Mixed methods design comprising a within-subjects AB longitudinal survey, and a qualitative analysis of participant-generated data and researcher field notes from a World Ca-fé discussion group.SETTINGS: One university in Scotland.PARTICIPANTS: N=66 undergraduate and postgraduate mental health nursing and coun-selling students.METHODS: Participants completed measures of cognitive and emotional attitudes towards, and knowledge about, people with borderline personality disorder before and after one of two film screenings. We conducted a World Café discussion group after the second screen-ing. Resulting data were subject to a qualitative thematic analysis.RESULTS: Quantitative analysis revealed a five-factor cognitive and a single-factor emo-tional attitude structure. Cognitive-attitudinal items related to treatment deservingness and value of mixed treatment approaches improved across iterations. Total knowledge score did not change, but one item about borderline personality disorder as a precursor to schizophrenia received considerably more incorrect endorsement post-screening. Qualitative analysis re-vealed five themes: Facilitation and inhibition of learning; promotion but not satiation of appe-tite for knowledge; challenging existing understanding; prompting creativity and anxiety; and initiating thinking about the bigger picture.CONCLUSIONS: Participants found the film thought provoking; it increased their appetite for knowledge. Findings suggest that screening should be delivered in conjunction with more didactic information about borderline personality disorder

Alopecia areata: a multifactorial autoimmune condition

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that results in non-scarring hair loss, and it is clinically characterised by small patches of baldness on the scalp and/or around the body. It can later progress to total loss of scalp hair (Alopecia totalis) and/or total loss of all body hair (Alopecia universalis). The rapid rate of hair loss and disfiguration caused by the condition causes anxiety on patients and increases the risks of developing psychological and psychiatric complications. Hair loss in alopecia areata is caused by lymphocytic infiltrations around the hair follicles and IFN-γ. IgG antibodies against the hair follicle cells are also found in alopecia areata sufferers. In addition, the disease coexists with other autoimmune disorders and can come secondary to infections or inflammation. However, despite the growing knowledge about alopecia areata, the aetiology and pathophysiology of disease are not well defined. In this review we discuss various genetic and environmental factors that cause autoimmunity and describe the immune mechanisms that lead to hair loss in alopecia areata patients

Development of fad7-1 single mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants that are resistant to aphids

Aphids are a group of sap-feeding insects that attack most of the world’s crops. The loss of function of fatty acid desaturase7 (FAD7) in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato plant) induces aphid resistance that is dependent upon the accumulation of plant defense hormones such as salicylic acid (SA). Tomato lacks most of the genetic resources found in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). There is an analogous fad7-1 line of Arabidopsis; however, the line has a background mutation, the glabra-1 (gl1), that causes the absence of trichomes (small hairs), which are essential to plant defense. In order to study aphid resistance, a single mutant line of fad7-1 mutants were developed using cross breeding between the fad7-1/gl1 mutant and wild-type plants. Homozygous fad7-1 mutants were then identified using the Kasajima DNA extraction method, followed by the use of single nucleotide polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (SNP-PCR) primers using allele-specific PCR. A phenotypic screening was then performed to screen out the plants with the glabra-1 mutation using the presence or absence of trichomes. Two single Arabidopsis fad7-1 mutant lines were identified, and subsequently verified using a bioassay to be aphid resistant relative to other genotypes as seen in tomato

Breast and prostate cancer survivor responses to group exercise and supportive group psychotherapy

This study qualitatively examined an 8 week group exercise and counseling intervention for breast and prostate cancer survivors. Groups exercised 3 days per week, 50 minutes per session, performing moderate intensity aerobic and resistance training. Groups also underwent 90 minute supportive group psychotherapy sessions once per week. Survivors discussed their experiences in focus groups post intervention. Transcripts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Survivors described how exercise facilitated counseling by creating mutual aid and trust, and counseling helped participants with self-identity, sexuality, and returning to normalcy. When possible, counselors and fitness professionals should create partnerships to optimally support cancer survivors

Impact of Argument Type and Concerns in Argumentation with a Chatbot

Conversational agents, also known as chatbots, are versatile tools that have the potential of being used in dialogical argumentation. They could possibly be deployed in tasks such as persuasion for behaviour change (e.g. persuading people to eat more fruit, to take regular exercise, etc.) However, to achieve this, there is a need to develop methods for acquiring appropriate arguments and counterargument that reflect both sides of the discussion. For instance, to persuade someone to do regular exercise, the chatbot needs to know counterarguments that the user might have for not doing exercise. To address this need, we present methods for acquiring arguments and counterarguments, and importantly, meta-level information that can be useful for deciding when arguments can be used during an argumentation dialogue. We evaluate these methods in studies with participants and show how harnessing these methods in a chatbot can make it more persuasive

PELAKSANAN PUTUSAN PENGADILAN DALAM PERKARA PIDANA BERDASARKAN KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM ACARA PIDANA

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana putusan pengadilan dalam perkara pidana dan bagaimana pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan dalam perkara pidana berdasarkan KUHAP.  Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, maka dapat disimpulkan: 1. Putusan pengadilan dalam perkara pidana berdasarkan KUHAP adalah pertama, pemidanaan (verodeling) apabila pengadilan atau hakim berpendapat bahwa terdakwa secara sah dan meyakinkan menurut hukum terbukti bersalah melakukan tindak pidana yang didakwakan. Kedua, putusan bebas (vrijprak) dilaksanakan jika hakim berpendapat bahwa dari hasil pemeriksaan di sidang terdakwa tidak terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan menurut hukum atas perbuatan yang didakwakan. Ketiga, lepas dari segala tuntutan hukum (onslag van alle rechtsvervolging) jika hakim bependapat bahwa perbuatan yang didakwakan kepada terdakwa terbukti, tetapi perbuatan itu bukan merupakan suatu tindak pidana. 2. Pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap dalam perkara pidana dilakukan oleh jaksa. Dapat dikatakan bahwa pejabat yang diberi wewenang melaksanakan putusan pengadilan adalah jaksa. Dengan demikian pada pundak jaksalah terdapat tanggung jawab pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan. Oleh karena itu, dalam melaksanakan putusan pengadilan jaksa harus mengetahui dan memahami prosedur pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan guna memperlancar pelaksanaan putusan tersebut.Kata kunci: Pelaksanaan Putusan Pengadilan, Perkara Pidana, Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidan

Optimization of graded multilayer designs for astronomical x-ray telescopes

We developed a systematic method for optimizing the design of depth-graded multilayers for astronomical hard-x-ray and soft-γ-ray telescopes based on the instrument’s bandpass and the field of view. We apply these methods to the design of the conical-approximation Wolter I optics employed by the balloon-borne High Energy Focusing Telescope, using W/Si as the multilayer materials. In addition, we present optimized performance calculations of mirrors, using other material pairs that are capable of extending performance to photon energies above the W K-absorption edge (69.5 keV), including Pt/C, Ni/C, Cu/Si, and Mo/Si