Analytical description of the time-over-threshold method based on the time properties of plastic scintillators equipped with silicon photomultipliers

A new high-granular compact time-of-flight neutron detector for the identification and energy measurement of neutrons produced in nucleus-nucleus interactions at the BM@N experiment, Dubna, Russia, at energies up to 4 AGeV is under development. The detector consists of approximately 2000 fast plastic scintillators, each with dimensions of 40$\times$40$\times$25 mm$^3$, equiped with SiPM (Silicon Photomultiplier) with an active area of 6$\times$6 mm$^2$. The signal readout from these scintillators will employ a single-threshold multichannel Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) to measure their response time and amplitude using the time-over-threshold (ToT) method. This article focuses on the analytical description of the signals from the plastic scintillator detectors equipped with silicon photomultipliers. This description is crucial for establishing the ToT-amplitude relationship and implementing slewing correction techniques to improve the time resolution of the detector. The methodology presented in this paper demonstrates that a time resolution at the 70 ps level can be achieved for the fast plastic scintillator coupled with silicon photomultiplier with epitaxial quenching resistors

The Construction and Parameters of Forward Hadron Calorimeter (FHCAL) at MPD/NICA

Forward hadron calorimeter (FHCAL) at MPD/NICA experimental setup is intended for the measurements of the geometry of heavy ions collisions, namely, the collision centrality and the orientation of the reaction plane. FHCAL consists of two identical arms placed at the left/right sides from the beam collision point. This is a modular lead- scintillator compensating calorimeter designed to measure the energy distribution of the projectile nuclei fragments (spectators) and forward going particles close to the beam rapidity

The PSD CBM Supermodule Response Study for Hadrons in Momentum Range 2 – 6 GeV/c at CERN Test Beams

The Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) will be used at the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR to measure the centrality and orientation of the reaction plane in heavy-ion collisions. A study of PSD supermodule response at proton and pion momentum range 2 – 6 GeV has been done at the CERN T10 beam line. The PSD supermodule is 3x3 array of 9 modules. Each module has transverse dimensions of 20x20 cm2 and longitudinal dimension of 5.6 interaction lengths. The modules have sandwich structure of 60 lead/scintillator layers with the sampling ratio 4:1. Light from each scintillator plate is collected by a WLS fiber. Scintillator light from 6 consecutive scintillator plates (one longitudinal section) is detected by a 3x3 mm2 Hamamatsu MPPC placed at the end of the module. In total, 10 MPPCs are used to detect light from 10 longitudinal sections in each module. Preliminary results on the longitudinal profile of energy deposition, linearity of the response and energy resolution of the supermodule are discussed

Diphtheria rare localization in adults

Last 25 years in the country established sporadic diphtheria morbidity (less than 0.1 per 100 000 people). In this situation, the attention of medical specialists pre-hospital and hospital health care system is reduced, especially for diseases with a rare localization of pathological process. Mentioned circumstances contribute to delayed diagnosis and treatment of his patients, the major cause of complicated infection, often its unfavorable outcome and a factor of the epidemic of trouble for the infection. The authors present material evidence that the rare forms of diphtheria in the period of sporadic disease in much the same as in the epidemic, and describe the clinical manifestations and course of diphtheria of the nose, eyes, throat, genitals, mouth and gastrointestinal tract in modern conditions

Development of High Granular Neutron Time-of-Flight Detector for the BM@N experiment

The HGND (High Granular Neutron Detector) is developed for the BM@N (Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron) experiment on the extracted beam of the Nuclotron at JINR, Dubna. The HGND will be used to measure the azimuthal flow of neutrons produced with energies ranging from 300 to 4000 MeV in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies of 2--4 AGeV. The azimuthal flow of charged particles will be measured using the BM@N magnet spectrometer. The data on the azimuthal flow of neutrons will shed light on the study of the high-density Equation of State (EoS) of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter, which is crucial for studying astrophysical phenomena such as neutron stars and their mergers. The HGND has a highly granular structure with approximately 2000 plastic scintillation detectors (cells), each measuring 4$\times$4$\times$2.5 cm$^3$. These detectors are arranged in 16 layers, with 121 detectors in each layer, and are subdivided by copper absorber plates with a thickness of 3 cm. The light from each cell is detected with SiPM (Silicon Photomultiplier) with an active area of 6$\times$6 mm$^2$. Developed multi-channel TDC board based on the Kintex FPGA chip with a bin width of 100 ps will be used to perform precise timestamp and amplitude measurement using Time-over-Threshold (ToT) method. Good spatial resolution due to the high granularity together with a cell's time resolution of 100-150 ps ensures neutron reconstruction with good energy resolution. The design of the detector as well as the results from test measurements and simulations have been presented

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of acute intestinal diarrheal infections

Group carried out epidemiological investigation of the incidence of acute intestinal infections of unknown etiology. Analysis of long-term dynamics of the incidence of acute enteric infections, the population of the city of Rybinsk in 2002 – 2006 he was shown on the epidemiological significance of these infections on the analyzed area. Specific factors of transmission of enteric pathogens on the basis of analysis of existing materials have not been established, but the analysis of risk factors can be said about the dominance of food factor in the transmission of the epidemic process of acute intestinal infections. In order to identify the etiology of acute intestinal infections should be more widely applied in practice techniques for the detection of viral agents in epidemiological investigations

ПИТАНИЕ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЬНЫХ

The paper summarizes the published data on clinical nutrition, including infectious diseases. The variant of diets on Pevzner into line with the standard diet used in the treatment of infectious patients. A brief description of artificial nutritional therapy in the treatment of patients with various infectious diseases. Particular importance is given to scientific substantiation of nutritional therapy in the treatment, rehabilitation of infectious patients. The correct choice of clinical nutrition contributes to the normalization of the lost functions and the speedy restoration of the human body after infection.В статье обобщены литературные данные по лечебному питанию, в том числе инфекционных больных. Приведены варианты диет по Певзнеру в соответствии с вариантами стандартных диет, применяемых при лечении инфекционных больных. Дана краткая характеристика искусственного лечебного питания в терапии пациентов с различными инфекционными заболеваниями. Особое значение уделяется научному обоснованию лечебного питания в комплексной терапии, реабилитации инфекционных больных. Правильный выбор лечебного питания способствует нормализации утраченных функций и скорейшему восстановлению организма человека после инфекционного заболевания

ДИФТЕРИЯ РЕДКИХ ЛОКАЛИЗАЦИЙ У ВЗРОСЛЫХ

Last 25 years in the country established sporadic diphtheria morbidity (less than 0.1 per 100 000 people). In this situation, the attention of medical specialists pre-hospital and hospital health care system is reduced, especially for diseases with a rare localization of pathological process. Mentioned circumstances contribute to delayed diagnosis and treatment of his patients, the major cause of complicated infection, often its unfavorable outcome and a factor of the epidemic of trouble for the infection. The authors present material evidence that the rare forms of diphtheria in the period of sporadic disease in much the same as in the epidemic, and describe the clinical manifestations and course of diphtheria of the nose, eyes, throat, genitals, mouth and gastrointestinal tract in modern conditions.Последние 25 лет в стране установился спорадический характер заболеваемости населения дифтерией (менее 0,1 на 100 000 человек). В этой ситуации внимание медицинских специалистов догоспитального и госпитального звеньев здравоохранения снижается, особенно к заболеванию с редкими локализациями патологического процесса. Упомянутые обстоятельства способствуют несвоевременной его диагностике и лечению больных, являющихся основной причиной осложненного течения инфекционного процесса, часто неблагоприятного его исхода, а также фактором эпидемического неблагополучия по данной инфекции. Авторы приводят материалы, свидетельствующие, что редкие формы дифтерии в период спорадической заболеваемости практически такие же, как и при эпидемической, а также описывают клинические проявления и течение дифтерии носа, глаз, гортани, половых органов, полости рта и желудочно-кишечного тракта в современных условиях

ПЕРИОД ВЫЗДОРОВЛЕНИЯ И ИСХОДЫ ДИФТЕРИИ У ВЗРОСЛЫХ (клинико-статистическое исследование)

In 1824 a man sick with diphtheria during an epidemic of this infection in the mid nineties of the last century complications registered at an average of 16,17%. When combined diphtheria complications were observed in 58,78%, with only the defeat of the pharynx – in 12,78%. Multiple organ lesions in diphtheria are protected from one year to seven years. We observed patients mortality was on average 2,24%. The lowest mortality was in diphtheria throat – 0,66%, with a combined form of the disease – 22,14%. It is advisable to revise the terms of active surveillance recover this infection. The leading cause of death in diphtheria was infection-toxic shock syndrome is often associated with infection – toxic myocarditis.У 1824 человек, больных дифтерией, во время эпидемии этой инфекции в середине девяностых годов прошлого века осложнения зарегистрированы в среднем у 16,17 %. При комбинированной дифтерии осложнения наблюдались в 58,78%, при поражении только зева – в 12,78%. Полиорганные поражения при дифтерии сохраняются от одного года до семи лет. У наблюдавшихся больных летальность составила в среднем 2,24%. Самой низкой летальность была при дифтерии зева – 0,66%, при комбинированной форме болезни – 22,14%. Целесообразно пересмотреть сроки активного наблюдения за переболевшими этой инфекцией. Ведущей причиной летального исхода при дифтерии явился инфекционно- токсический шок, часто сочетавшийся с инфекционно-токсическим миокардитом

Challenges in QCD matter physics - The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR

Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing net-baryon densities. There is evidence that a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) was created at experiments at RHIC and LHC. The transition from the QGP back to the hadron gas is found to be a smooth cross over. For larger net-baryon densities and lower temperatures, it is expected that the QCD phase diagram exhibits a rich structure, such as a first-order phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter which terminates in a critical point, or exotic phases like quarkyonic matter. The discovery of these landmarks would be a breakthrough in our understanding of the strong interaction and is therefore in the focus of various high-energy heavy-ion research programs. The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100 (sqrt(s_NN) = 2.7 - 4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD matter: the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (mu_B > 500 MeV), effects of chiral symmetry, and the equation-of-state at high density as it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars. In this article, we review the motivation for and the physics programme of CBM, including activities before the start of data taking in 2022, in the context of the worldwide efforts to explore high-density QCD matter.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures. Published in European Physical Journal