L’approche néo-institutionnelle et ses implications pour le management des relations avec les stakeholders en phase start-up

Les approches néo-institutionnelles et surtout la théorie de l’agence et la théorie des coûts de transaction ont fait leurs preuves dans divers domaines (en marketing, en GRH, etc.). Cependant, jusqu’à présent, peu de recherches en création d’entreprise se sont appuyées sur ces approches. Le but de la présente contribution est d’analyser la création d’entreprise sous l’angle de la Nouvelle Économie institutionnelle. Cet angle souligne le rôle crucial de la relation stakeholder-créateur. En effet, le succès d’une jeune entreprise dépend directement de l’acceptation et du soutien des parties prenantes. Les relations dans la phase de création sont caractérisées par des incertitudes particulièrement fortes dues à la nouveauté (liability of newness). Dans le processus d’évaluation et de jugement de la relation d’échange, le stakeholder est confronté à l’incertitude des promesses du créateur d’entreprise ; ces incertitudes influencent la décision du stakeholder d’entrer dans la relation d’échange avec la jeune entreprise. L’aptitude à gérer ces incertitudes augmente la probabilité de succès du projet de création. L’approche MUT (Management of Uncertainties and Trust) que nous présenterons ici est un outil pragmatique et normatif qui a pour but de structurer et de résoudre la problématique d’incertitude. De cette façon, il peut favoriser le succès de nouvelles entreprises en aidant l’entrepreneur à créer des relations stables avec les parties prenantes.Institutional Economics, especially the Principal-Agent Approach and Transaction Cost Economics, has proven of value in various disciplines (e.g. marketing, personnel management). However, so far they have hardly expanded into entrepreneurship research. In this paper, we strive to analyse the establishment of new ventures from the perspective of Institutional Economics. This highlights the decisive role of the relationship between the founder and the stakeholders. The success of a new venture strongly depends on the acceptance and the support of the stakeholders. At the same time, the relationships to the stakeholders are burdened with particularly high uncertainties, because of the “liability of newness.” When evaluating the offered transaction, the stakeholder is confronted by the founder’s insecure promises. These insecurities influence the potential stakeholders’ decision whether or not to establish a transaction relationship with the newly founded company. With the rising capability to handle such insecurities, the success of the new venture becomes more likely. As a pragmatic-normative tool to structure and handle the insecurities identified, the MUT-Approach presented in this paper can foster the success of new ventures by helping the founder to establish stable relationships with stakeholders.Los enfoques de la Economía Institucional, en particular la teoría del Agente-Principal y la de los costos de la transacción, han demostrado ser muy útiles en diversas disciplinas (por ejemplo marketing, gestión de personal). Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se han ampliado tanto en la investigación de la iniciativa empresarial. En este artículo nos esforzamos en analizar la creación de nuevas empresas desde la perspectiva de la Economía Institucional. Esto pone de relieve el papel decisivo de la relación entre el fundador y los interesados. El éxito de una nueva empresa depende en gran medida de la aceptación y el apoyo de las partes interesadas. Al mismo tiempo, estas relaciones son particularmente cargadas de grandes incertidumbres debido a la novedad (liability of newness). Al evaluar la transacción ofrecida, el interesado es confrontado con las promesas inseguras del fundador. Estas inseguridades influyen en la decisión de las potenciales partes interesadas de establecer o no una relación de intercambio con la recién creada empresa. El éxito de la nueva empresa se hace más probable con el aumento de la capacidad de manejar esas inseguridades. El MUT-Enfoque (Management of Uncertainties and Trust) presentado en este documento es un instrumento pragmático y normativo para estructurar y manejar el problema de las inseguridades identificadas. De esta forma puede favorecer el éxito de nuevas empresas, ayudando al fundador a establecer relaciones estables con las partes interesadas.Die Ansätze der Institutional Economics insbesondere Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie und Transaktionskostentheorie haben sich in unterschiedlichsten Fachbereichen (z.B. Marketing, Personalmanagement, etc.) bewährt. Haben. In der Entrepreneurship-Forschung haben diese Ansätze aber bislang wenig Eingang gefunden. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die Unternehmensgründung aus der Perspektive der Institutional Economics zu analysieren. Dies eröffnet den Blick auf die erfolgskritische Rolle der Stakeholder-Gründer-Beziehung. Die Beziehungen in der Gründungsphase sind aufgrund der liability of newness mit besonders hohen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Mit der Kompetenz, die Unsicherheiten zu handhaben, steigt die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit der Gründung. Der hier präsentierte MUT-Ansatz (Management of Uncertaintites and Trust) ist ein pragmatisch-normativer Ansatz zur Strukturierung und Lösung der Unsicherheitsproblematik

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ObjectiveTo identify barriers to life jacket use.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingNine public boat ramps in western Washington State, USA, August-November, 2008.Participants675 adult boaters (>18 years) on motor boats <26 feet long.Main outcomeLow or no life jacket use (0\ue2\u20ac\u201c50% of time) versus high life jacket use (51\ue2\u20ac\u201c100% of time).ResultsLow/no life jacket use (0%\ue2\u20ac\u201c50% of time) was associated with longer boat length (per foot, risk ratio [RR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02\ue2\u20ac\u201c1.05), alcohol use (RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01\ue2\u20ac\u201c1.20), perception of life jackets as \ue2\u20ac\u153uncomfortable\ue2\u20ac? (RR 1.29, 95%CI 1.09\ue2\u20ac\u201c1.52), perceived greater level of swimming ability (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03\ue2\u20ac\u201c1.53 for \ue2\u20ac\u153expert swimmer\ue2\u20ac?), and possibly with lack of confidence that a life jacket may save one from drowning (RR 1.13, 95%CI 0.96\ue2\u20ac\u201c1.32). Low life jacket use was less likely when a child was onboard (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79\ue2\u20ac\u201c0.99), or if the respondent had taken a boating safety class (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.87\ue2\u20ac\u201c1.01).ConclusionsLife jacket use may increase with more comfortable devices, such as inflatable life jackets, and with increased awareness of their efficacy in preventing drowning. Boater education classes may be associated with increased life jacket use among adults.3R49CE00197/CE/NCIPC CDC HHS/United States5T32HD057822/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesT32 HD057822/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States2015-08-01T00:00:00Z24686261PMC431069

Numerical Analysis of Ca2+ Depletion in the Transverse Tubular System of Mammalian Muscle

AbstractCalcium currents were recorded in contracting and actively shortening mammalian muscle fibers. In order to characterize the influence of extracellular calcium concentration changes in the small unstirred lumina of the transverse tubular system (TTS) on the time course of the slow L-type calcium current (ICa), we have combined experimental measurements of ICa with quantitative numerical simulations of Ca2+ depletion. ICa was recorded both in calcium-buffered and unbuffered external solutions using the two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique (2-MVC) on short murine toe muscle fibers. A simulation program based on a distributed TTS model was used to calculate the effect of ion depletion in the TTS. The experimental data obtained in a solution where ion depletion is suppressed by a high amount of a calcium buffering agent were used as input data for the simulation. The simulation output was then compared with experimental data from the same fiber obtained in unbuffered solution. Taking this approach, we could quantitatively show that the calculated Ca2+ depletion in the transverse tubular system of contracting mammalian muscle fibers significantly affects the time-dependent decline of Ca2+ currents. From our findings, we conclude that ion depletion in the tubular system may be one of the major effects for the ICa decline measured in isotonic physiological solution under voltage clamp conditions

Spatial redistribution of boron implanted into Poly-(Di-n-Hexyl Silane), (PDHSi)

100 keV 10 B+ ions were implanted into poly-(di-n-hexyl silane) in different directions at a fluence of 1x1014 cm-2, and their depth distribution was determined by means of the neutron depth profiling technique. In no case the projectile ions are found to come to rest according to their predicted range profiles. Instead, they are always found to undergo considerable long-range migration. During the irradiation process this motion appears to be radiation-enhanced, and during the subsequent annealing steps one appears to deal with regular thermal diffusion. The implant redistribution is always found to be governed strongly by the self-created damage, insofar as both electronic and nuclear defects in the polymer act as trapping centers. Their population ratio is modified by thermal annealing. The as-implanted redistribution shows a pronounced directional dependence, which essentially is a consequence of the spatial distributions of the electronic and nuclear damage. The changes of the nuclear defect distribution during thermal annealing are studied by a specially developed tomographic method. It is found that boron is preferentially trapped along the irradiation direction, exhibiting quite pronounced prolate (i.e. cigar-like) distributions. This shape is hardly affected by thermal annealing

Exacerbated leishmaniasis caused by a viral endosymbiont can be prevented by immunization with Its viral capsid

Recent studies have shown that a cytoplasmic virus called Leishmaniavirus (LRV) is present in some Leishmania species and acts as a potent innate immunogen, aggravating lesional inflammation and development in mice. In humans, the presence of LRV in Leishmania guyanensis and in L. braziliensis was significantly correlated with poor treatment response and symptomatic relapse. So far, no clinical effort has used LRV for prophylactic purposes. In this context, we designed an original vaccine strategy that targeted LRV nested in Leishmania parasites to prevent virus-related complications. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with a recombinant LRV1 Leishmania guyanensis viral capsid polypeptide formulated with a T helper 1-polarizing adjuvant. LRV1-vaccinated mice had significant reduction in lesion size and parasite load when subsequently challenged with LRV1+ Leishmania guyanensis parasites. The protection conferred by this immunization could be reproduced in naïve mice via T-cell transfer from vaccinated mice but not by serum transfer. The induction of LRV1 specific T cells secreting IFN-γ was confirmed in vaccinated mice and provided strong evidence that LRV1-specific protection arose via a cell mediated immune response against the LRV1 capsid. Our studies suggest that immunization with LRV1 capsid could be of a preventive benefit in mitigating the elevated pathology associated with LRV1 bearing Leishmania infections and possibly avoiding symptomatic relapses after an initial treatment. This novel anti-endosymbiotic vaccine strategy could be exploited to control other infectious diseases, as similar viral infections are largely prevalent across pathogenic pathogens and could consequently open new vaccine opportunities