Wildlife Logging Interactions in Tropical Forests Summary Statement of a Workshop Hosted by Wcs and Bolfor in Santa Cruz,Bolivia 13-15 November, 1996

Protected areas in the tropics are currently inadequate toprotect the biological diversity characterking this region, owingto their limited size, number, distribution, and composition.Within forested landscapes, production forests may containsignificant biodiversity not found within totally protected areas.In many countries, the large size and varied habitats of theseforests can complement the existing system of reserves, and taken as part of the landscape, can make significant contributions to biodiversity conservation. Current exploitation trends and practices within production forests however, have direct and indirect positive and negative impacts on many plant and animal species. Steps must be taken to improve our understanding of the effects of management practices on biological diversity, ways to mitigate negative aspects associated with them, and where our efforts should focus in the future to achieve ecological and economic sustainability of our natural resources

Wildlife Logging Interactions in Tropical Forests Summary Statement of a Workshop Hosted by Wcs and Bolfor in Santa Cruz,Bolivia 13-15 November, 1996

Protected areas in the tropics are currently inadequate toprotect the biological diversity characterking this region, owingto their limited size, number, distribution, and composition.Within forested landscapes, production forests may containsignificant biodiversity not found within totally protected areas.In many countries, the large size and varied habitats of theseforests can complement the existing system of reserves, and taken as part of the landscape, can make significant contributions to biodiversity conservation. Current exploitation trends and practices within production forests however, have direct and indirect positive and negative impacts on many plant and animal species. Steps must be taken to improve our understanding of the effects of management practices on biological diversity, ways to mitigate negative aspects associated with them, and where our efforts should focus in the future to achieve ecological and economic sustainability of our natural resources

Wildlife Logging Interactions in Tropical Forests Summary Statement of a Workshop Hosted by Wcs and Bolfor in Santa Cruz,Bolivia 13-15 November, 1996

Protected areas in the tropics are currently inadequate toprotect the biological diversity characterking this region, owingto their limited size, number, distribution, and composition.Within forested landscapes, production forests may containsignificant biodiversity not found within totally protected areas.In many countries, the large size and varied habitats of theseforests can complement the existing system of reserves, and taken as part of the landscape, can make significant contributions to biodiversity conservation. Current exploitation trends and practices within production forests however, have direct and indirect positive and negative impacts on many plant and animal species. Steps must be taken to improve our understanding of the effects of management practices on biological diversity, ways to mitigate negative aspects associated with them, and where our efforts should focus in the future to achieve ecological and economic sustainability of our natural resources

Wood Specific Gravity Variability in Ceiba Pentandra

We examined the wood specific gravity variability in Ceiba pentandra trees from four Costa Rican life-zones and a moist tropical forest in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Trees from the African site averaged higher wood specific gravity than those occurring at two high-rainfall sites in Costa Rica. However, the high degree of variability within sites reduced our capacity to detect environmental and/or genetic differences among the sites. Higher intensity field samples, and/or provenance testing under specific environmental conditions, are recommended to help clarify the sources of this variation

Defects in ErbB-Dependent Establishment of Adult Melanocyte Stem Cells Reveal Independent Origins for Embryonic and Regeneration Melanocytes

Adult stem cells are responsible for maintaining and repairing tissues during the life of an organism. Tissue repair in humans, however, is limited compared to the regenerative capabilities of other vertebrates, such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio). An understanding of stem cell mechanisms, such as how they are established, their self-renewal properties, and their recruitment to produce new cells is therefore important for the application of regenerative medicine. We use larval melanocyte regeneration following treatment with the melanocytotoxic drug MoTP to investigate these mechanisms in Melanocyte Stem Cell (MSC) regulation. In this paper, we show that the receptor tyrosine kinase, erbb3b, is required for establishing the adult MSC responsible for regenerating the larval melanocyte population. Both the erbb3b mutant and wild-type fish treated with the ErbB inhibitor, AG1478, develop normal embryonic melanocytes but fail to regenerate melanocytes after MoTP-induced melanocyte ablation. By administering AG1478 at different time points, we show that ErbB signaling is only required for regeneration prior to MoTP treatment and before 48 hours of development, consistent with a role in establishing MSCs. We then show that overexpression of kitla, the Kit ligand, in transgenic larvae leads to recruitment of MSCs, resulting in overproliferation of melanocytes. Furthermore, kitla overexpression can rescue AG1478-blocked regeneration, suggesting that ErbB signaling is required to promote the progression and specification of the MSC from a pre–MSC state. This study provides evidence that ErbB signaling is required for the establishment of adult MSCs during embryonic development. That this requirement is not shared with the embryonic melanocytes suggests that embryonic melanocytes develop directly, without proceeding through the ErbB-dependent MSC. Moreover, the shared requirement of larval melanocyte regeneration and metamorphic melanocytes that develops at the larval-to-adult transition suggests that these post-embryonic melanocytes develop from the same adult MSC population. Lastly, that kitla overexpression can recruit the MSC to develop excess melanocytes raises the possibility that Kit signaling may be involved in MSC recruitment during regeneration

Complications Occurring Through 5 Years Following Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation for Pediatric Cataract

Importance Lensectomy with primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is often used in the management of nontraumatic pediatric cataract, but long-term data evaluating the association of age and IOL location with the incidence of complications are limited. Objective To describe the incidence of complications and additional eye surgeries through 5 years following pediatric lensectomy with primary IOL implantation and association with age at surgery and IOL location. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study used Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group cataract registry data from 61 institution- and community-based practices over 3 years (June 2012 to July 2015). Participants were children younger than 13 years without baseline glaucoma who had primary IOL implantation (345 bilateral and 264 unilateral) for nontraumatic cataract. Data analysis was performed between September 2021 and January 2023. Exposures Lensectomy with primary IOL implantation. Main Outcome and Measures Five-year cumulative incidence of complications by age at surgery (<2 years, 2 to <4 years, 4 to <7 years, and 7 to <13 years) and by IOL location (sulcus vs capsular bag) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The cohort included 609 eyes from 491 children (mean [SD] age, 5.6 [3.3] years; 261 [53%] male and 230 [47%] female). Following cataract extraction with primary IOL implantation, a frequent complication was surgery for visual axis opacification (VAO) (cumulative incidence, 32%; 95% CI, 27%-36%). Cumulative incidence was lower with anterior vitrectomy at the time of IOL placement (12%; 95% CI, 8%-16%) vs without (58%; 95% CI, 50%-65%), and the risk of undergoing surgery for VAO was associated with not performing anterior vitrectomy (hazard ratio [HR], 6.19; 95% CI, 3.70-10.34; P < .001). After adjusting for anterior vitrectomy at lens surgery, there were no differences in incidence of surgery for VAO by age at surgery (<2 years, HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 0.63-2.87], 2 to <4 years, HR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.44-1.68], 4 to <7 years, HR, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.72-1.56]; P = .74) or by capsular bag vs sulcus IOL fixation (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.36-4.17; P = .75). Cumulative incidence of glaucoma plus glaucoma suspect by 5 years was 7% (95% CI, 4%-9%), which did not differ by age after controlling for IOL location and laterality. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, a frequent complication following pediatric lensectomy with primary IOL was surgery for VAO, which was associated with primary anterior vitrectomy not being performed but was not associated with age at surgery or IOL location. The risk of glaucoma development across all ages at surgery suggests a need for long-term monitoring