Luxação coxofemoral caudo-ventral traumática em cão: Relato de caso

A luxação coxofemoral traumática consiste no deslocamento da cabeça do fêmur em relação a fossa acetabular decorrente de traumas. As principais afecções ortopédicas são devido ao trauma externo, podendo resultar em luxações coxofemorais, fraturas da cabeça e colo femoral e fratura acetabular. A apresentação altera-se de acordo com o tipo de luxação que se classificam em crânio-dorsal, caudo-dorsal, ventral, ventrocaudal, ventrocranial. Desta forma objetiva-se relatar e discutir o caso de um canino com luxação caudo-ventral tratado com a técnica de colocefalectomia após a ocorrência de trauma domiciliar. Descreve-se um caso de um canino, macho, não castrado, 02 anos de idade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário Adílio Santos de Azevedo, apresentando histórico de trauma após acidente domiciliar com presença de claudicação do membro pélvico direito, e rotação do mesmo. Após o exame clínico específico e radiografia do membro pélvico foi diagnosticado luxação coxofemoral caudo-ventral direita. O animal do presente relato foi diagnosticado com uma luxação caudo-ventral, pouco vista na rotina da clínica médica e cirúrgica de pequenos animais. Ocorre aproximadamente 1,5 a 3,2% dos casos dentro da rotina, sendo uma situação rara de ocorrer. Além disso, observou-se um índice que 20% dos animais que apresentam luxação coxofemoral teve traumas concomitantes. Nesse relato, o animal não sofreu nenhum tipo de trauma associado, ou laceração muscular. A luxação coxofemoral ventrocaudal é rara em cães, a técnica da colocefalectomia femoral foi realizada com sucesso no paciente deste caso sem complicações trans e pós-operatória

Comparison of Intraoperative Nociception and Postoperative Acute Pain After Traditional or Minimally Invasive Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs

Background: Many variations of ovariohysterectomy techniques have been described, including the traditional one and minimally invasive procedures. Non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique is an alternative for performing minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy. Few studies have been carried out in order to assess pain in animals submitted to minimally invasive surgeries, especially involving one of the most performed surgical procedures in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical duration, intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain after traditional ovariohysterectomy or minimally invasive non-laparoscopic technique in dogs using Snook hook. The hypothesis is that non-laparoscopic minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy would be faster and less painful than the conventional technique.Material, Methods & Results: Thirty dogs were divided into Traditional Group (TG = 15) and Minimally Invasive Group (MIG = 15). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were evaluated before the surgery to start (M0), during incision (M1), clamping of the first ovarian pedicle (M2), second ovarian pedicle (M3), uterine cervix (M4), abdominal suture (M5) and at the end of surgery (M6). The modified Glasgow Pain Scale was used for acute postoperative pain assessment and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the sensitivity of surgical wound. The level of significance established for all statistical analyzes was 5%. Statistical differences were not observed between groups considering total surgical time and postoperative acute pain intensity (P > 0.05), in spite of MIG having shorter duration of surgery. There was no statistical difference between groups considering all intraoperative parameters except respiratory rate (TG < MIG; P < 0.05) and ETCO2 (MIG < TG; P < 0.05) at the moment of traction of the first ovarian pedicle (M2). Pain assessment by VAS showed statistical difference 24h after the end of surgery (TG < MIG) (P < 0.05). Discussion: Both procedures were similar regarding intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain. It is possible that the sensation of pain in both procedures was blocked by the effectiveness of analgesics, once they might cause an inhibition of painful behaviors limiting a possible difference in pain identification. Higher respiratory stress observed in MIG at M2 and higher pain score by VAS noted in MIG 24 h after the end of surgery can be justified by greater traction of ovarian pedicle, due to limited surgical access of minimally invasive technique. Minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy non-laparoscopic seems to be potentially faster, probably due to the smaller size of the abdominal incision, which takes less time to be closed. In the present study, both techniques were performed by an experienced surgeon, providing safe procedures, nevertheless it is important to emphasize that iatrogenic injury can be caused by surgeons not proficient in the Snook hook technique, considering the limited visualization of anatomical abdominal structures. Data obtained indicate that traditional ovariohysterectomy and non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique promote similar intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain, however minimally invasive procedure is potentially faster and with less surgical trauma

Plasma rico em plaquetas, medula óssea ou quitosana nas osteossínteses minimamente invasivas na tíbia de cães

Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) has become widely accepted for the treatment of fractures in small animals, especially because of the preservation of the initial hematoma and minimization of the soft tissues damage. Another way to improve bone healing is the use of biomaterials, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), aspirated bone marrow (MO) and chitosan (QUI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone healing after the association of MIPO and percutaneous injection of PRP, MO, and QUI in the treatment of tibial fractures in dogs. Clinical and radiographic examination and optical densitometry were used. Thirty dogs from the surgical routine of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (UNESP, Jaboticabal) presenting tibial fractures were used. The groups were formed according to injected biomaterial: group 1 (nothing was injected), group 2 (MO), group 3 (PRP) and group 4 (QUI). Two mililiters of each biomaterial was injected into the fracture site percutaneously just after the surgery. The dogs were evaluated for the intensity of edema formation (EDE), ambulatory activity (DEAM), radiographs and optical densitometry, immediately after surgery and 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days postoperatively. There was no significant difference between groups considering EDE and DEAM. Seventy percent of the animals presented member support grade 4 or 5 at 15 days postoperatively. After 30 days, all dogs presented without lameness. Among the groups, there was no statistical difference in the walk, however the group 2 showed the highest percentage (60%) of weight bearing at 15 days. There was a difference considering clinical union in the group 2 (46,87 days). There was no statistical difference in the mineral density of the bone callus formed between the groups and the moments assessed. The PRP, MO and QUI associated with MIPO help bone regeneration in the treatment of tibial fractures in ...A osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa (MIPO) tem sido cada vez mais aceita para o tratamento de fraturas em pequenos animais, especialmente pela capacidade de preservação do hematoma inicial do foco fraturado. Outra forma de auxiliar o processo cicatricial ósseo é a utilização de biomateriais, tais como o plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP), aspirado de medula óssea (MO) e a quitosana (QUI). Objetivou-se, na presente pesquisa, avaliar a consolidação óssea obtida da MIPO e injeção percutânea de PRP, MO e QUI, no foco de fraturas tibiais de cães, por meio de exames clínicos, radiográficos e de densitometria óptica. Foram utilizados trinta cães apresentando fraturas da tíbia e atendidos na rotina cirúrgica do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, Jaboticabal. Os grupos foram formados de acordo com o biomaterial injetado sendo: grupo 1 (nada foi injetado), grupo 2 (MO), grupo 3 (PRP) e grupo 4 (QUI). Foram injetados 2 mL de cada biomaterial no foco da fratura, imediatamente após o procedimento de osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa bloqueada. Os animais foram avaliados quanto a intensidade de formação do edema (EDE), atividade deambulatória (DEAM), exames radiográficos e densitometria óptica no momento imediato após a cirurgia e 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias pós-operatórios. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos com relação ao EDE e DEAM. Setenta por cento dos animais operados nos diversos grupos apresentaram apoio do membro grau 4 ou 5 aos 15 dias de pós-operatório. Aos 30 dias, todos os animais apresentavam deambulação grau 5. Dentre os grupos (1, 2, 3 e 4) não se observou diferença estatística quanto ao uso do membro, entretanto o grupo 2 foi o que apresentou maior porcentagem (60%) de apoio aos 15 dias (grau 5). Houve diferença quanto ao momento da consolidação, ocorrendo mais cedo no grupo 2 (46,87 dias). Não houve..

Neoplasias Mamárias em Gatas Domésticas: Possível Influência da Dieta na Etiologia

Os tumores mamários, na espécie felina, possuem informações limitadas a respeito de sua etiologia. Embora a atividade hormonal corresponda a uma das prováveis causas, sabe-se que a obesidade e uma dieta rica em gordura têm sido associadas com aumento do risco das neoplasias da glândula mamária. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar uma possível relação entre o tipo de dieta e a ocorrência de tumor mamário em felinos domésticos. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo com vinte e quatro gatas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias, obtendo-se dados relacionados ao tipo de alimentação e diagnóstico histopatológico da neoplasia, além de informações sobre raça e idade. Todos os animais foram acometidos por tumores mamários malignos, com maior concentração da patologia em fêmeas com dez anos de idade e da raça siamesa. Verificou-se que dezesseis (66,7%) gatas com neoplasias eram alimentadas com dieta mista (comida caseira e ração industrializada), enquanto cinco (20,8%) dos animais recebiam apenas ração industrializada e apenas três (12,5%) ingeriam dieta caseira. Nesse sentido, provavelmente uma dieta desequilibrada, com altos níveis calóricos, poderia ter predisposto a uma ocorrência de tumores de mama nas gatas analisadas. Outros estudos devem ser realizados a cerca da alimentação e neoplasias mamárias, possibilitando a adoção futura de estratégias para prevenir a incidência de tal patologia em fêmeas da espécie felina

Intravenous Application of Metronidazole, Ceftriaxone and Enrofloxacin in Dogs Anesthetized with Isoflurane: Impact of Hemodynamic and Cardiorespiratory Parameters

Background: The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in patients undergoing surgery is widely performed due to its power to reduce and control infections in the surgical site. Metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin are drugs widely used in veterinary medicine, even during anesthesia, either in healthy patients or under critical conditions. Despite several reports on hemodynamic reactions after intravenous application of antimicrobials in dogs, there are few studies on these effects in dogs undergoing anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy bitches were used, equally divided into four experimental groups of 10 animals each: placebo group (PG), metronidazole group (MG), ceftriaxone group (CG) and enrofloxacin group (EG). After the experimental phase of data collection, all animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the minimally invasive approach. A catheter was placed in the dorsal metatarsal artery for direct blood pressure monitoring, with systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were continuously monitored by means of a transducer connected to a multiparametric monitor. The others measured data were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (T°C), carbon dioxide expired fraction (ETCO2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in T0 (time immediately before performing the treatment), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after administration of the antimicrobial. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and anesthetic maintenance was performed with isoflurane. After reaching anesthesia with a surgical plan, all parameters were measured before treatments were performed (T0). Then the sodium chloride solution (0.9% NaCl), 25 mg/kg of metronidazole, 30 mg/kg of ceftriaxone or 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin was administered in cefalic vein. No complications were observed during anesthesia and surgery in all groups. The animals were monitored for three h after the end of the surgery, and then dispensed without prescription of antimicrobials in the recovery period. The HR showed a significant reduction in T5 and T30 compared to the baseline in EG. The RR had a significant increase in T30 in relation to T0 after the administration of 0.9% NaCl in PG. There were no statistically significant changes in HR for groups PG, MG and CG, and RR for groups EG, MG and CG. SBP and MBP had a significant decrease after 30 min of ceftriaxone application. There was a significant decrease in MBP at T5, T10 and T15 compared to baseline in EG. No changes in blood pressure were detected in PG and MG. The ToC showed a significant reduction from T10 to T30 in the GP, from T5 to T30 in the SG, in the T30 in the GM from T20 to T30 in the GC. For all groups, there were no changes in SpO2, ETCO2 and PAD during the study.Discussion: It was concluded that all studied antimicrobials can be used in prophylactic therapy in dogs, in doses recommended by the literature, as the observed changes are subject to correction and can be easily controlled by a qualified anesthetist. The antimicrobial that did not show cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic changes after intravenous application in bitches anesthetized with isoflurane was metronidazole, so its administration was considered safer when compared to enrofloxacin and ceftriaxone, under the conditions of this study, however its indication is punctual, being restricted to cases of infections by anaerobic agents.

Comparison of Intraoperative Nociception and Postoperative Acute Pain After Traditional or Minimally Invasive Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs

Background: Many variations of ovariohysterectomy techniques have been described, including the traditional one and minimally invasive procedures. Non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique is an alternative for performing minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy. Few studies have been carried out in order to assess pain in animals submitted to minimally invasive surgeries, especially involving one of the most performed surgical procedures in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical duration, intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain after traditional ovariohysterectomy or minimally invasive non-laparoscopic technique in dogs using Snook hook. The hypothesis is that non-laparoscopic minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy would be faster and less painful than the conventional technique.Material, Methods & Results: Thirty dogs were divided into Traditional Group (TG = 15) and Minimally Invasive Group (MIG = 15). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were evaluated before the surgery to start (M0), during incision (M1), clamping of the first ovarian pedicle (M2), second ovarian pedicle (M3), uterine cervix (M4), abdominal suture (M5) and at the end of surgery (M6). The modified Glasgow Pain Scale was used for acute postoperative pain assessment and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the sensitivity of surgical wound. The level of significance established for all statistical analyzes was 5%. Statistical differences were not observed between groups considering total surgical time and postoperative acute pain intensity (P > 0.05), in spite of MIG having shorter duration of surgery. There was no statistical difference between groups considering all intraoperative parameters except respiratory rate (TG < MIG; P < 0.05) and ETCO2 (MIG < TG; P < 0.05) at the moment of traction of the first ovarian pedicle (M2). Pain assessment by VAS showed statistical difference 24h after the end of surgery (TG < MIG) (P < 0.05). Discussion: Both procedures were similar regarding intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain. It is possible that the sensation of pain in both procedures was blocked by the effectiveness of analgesics, once they might cause an inhibition of painful behaviors limiting a possible difference in pain identification. Higher respiratory stress observed in MIG at M2 and higher pain score by VAS noted in MIG 24 h after the end of surgery can be justified by greater traction of ovarian pedicle, due to limited surgical access of minimally invasive technique. Minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy non-laparoscopic seems to be potentially faster, probably due to the smaller size of the abdominal incision, which takes less time to be closed. In the present study, both techniques were performed by an experienced surgeon, providing safe procedures, nevertheless it is important to emphasize that iatrogenic injury can be caused by surgeons not proficient in the Snook hook technique, considering the limited visualization of anatomical abdominal structures. Data obtained indicate that traditional ovariohysterectomy and non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique promote similar intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain, however minimally invasive procedure is potentially faster and with less surgical trauma

Intravenous Application of Metronidazole, Ceftriaxone and Enrofloxacin in Dogs Anesthetized with Isoflurane: Impact of Hemodynamic and Cardiorespiratory Parameters

Background: The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in patients undergoing surgery is widely performed due to its power to reduce and control infections in the surgical site. Metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin are drugs widely used in veterinary medicine, even during anesthesia, either in healthy patients or under critical conditions. Despite several reports on hemodynamic reactions after intravenous application of antimicrobials in dogs, there are few studies on these effects in dogs undergoing anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy bitches were used, equally divided into four experimental groups of 10 animals each: placebo group (PG), metronidazole group (MG), ceftriaxone group (CG) and enrofloxacin group (EG). After the experimental phase of data collection, all animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the minimally invasive approach. A catheter was placed in the dorsal metatarsal artery for direct blood pressure monitoring, with systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were continuously monitored by means of a transducer connected to a multiparametric monitor. The others measured data were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (T°C), carbon dioxide expired fraction (ETCO2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in T0 (time immediately before performing the treatment), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after administration of the antimicrobial. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and anesthetic maintenance was performed with isoflurane. After reaching anesthesia with a surgical plan, all parameters were measured before treatments were performed (T0). Then the sodium chloride solution (0.9% NaCl), 25 mg/kg of metronidazole, 30 mg/kg of ceftriaxone or 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin was administered in cefalic vein. No complications were observed during anesthesia and surgery in all groups. The animals were monitored for three h after the end of the surgery, and then dispensed without prescription of antimicrobials in the recovery period. The HR showed a significant reduction in T5 and T30 compared to the baseline in EG. The RR had a significant increase in T30 in relation to T0 after the administration of 0.9% NaCl in PG. There were no statistically significant changes in HR for groups PG, MG and CG, and RR for groups EG, MG and CG. SBP and MBP had a significant decrease after 30 min of ceftriaxone application. There was a significant decrease in MBP at T5, T10 and T15 compared to baseline in EG. No changes in blood pressure were detected in PG and MG. The ToC showed a significant reduction from T10 to T30 in the GP, from T5 to T30 in the SG, in the T30 in the GM from T20 to T30 in the GC. For all groups, there were no changes in SpO2, ETCO2 and PAD during the study.Discussion: It was concluded that all studied antimicrobials can be used in prophylactic therapy in dogs, in doses recommended by the literature, as the observed changes are subject to correction and can be easily controlled by a qualified anesthetist. The antimicrobial that did not show cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic changes after intravenous application in bitches anesthetized with isoflurane was metronidazole, so its administration was considered safer when compared to enrofloxacin and ceftriaxone, under the conditions of this study, however its indication is punctual, being restricted to cases of infections by anaerobic agents.

Bloqueio anestésico do plexo braquial em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758) - Relato de caso

A utilização do bloqueio anestésico de plexo braquial é uma técnica utilizada visando a dessensibilização do membro torácico, sendo realizada em diversas espécies, incluindo os primatas. Objetivou-se, neste artigo, avaliar o bloqueio do plexo braquial com a técnica supraclavicular, a resposta ao fármaco de forma motora e sensitiva e o tempo de duração em um sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus). O animal era macho, adulto, pesando 340 gramas, apresentando fratura em úmero do membro torácico direito, diagnosticada através de avaliação clínica e radiográfica. Encaminhado para cirurgia, o sagui foi previamente medicado com dexmedetomidina 0,04 mg/kg e cetamina 10 mg/kg, ambos na mesma seringa via intramuscular e, após, foi realizado bloqueio anestésico do plexo braquial com a técnica supraclavicular com lidocaína 5mg/kg. Foram avaliados a frequência cardíaca, a frequência respiratória, a temperatura corporal e o miorrelaxamento durante todo o procedimento. Apesar de a técnica ter sido baseada em estudos em outras espécies de primatas, o bloqueio demonstrou-se efetivo, apresentando reflexo motor e sensitivo após 46 minutos e percepção sensitiva tátil após 60 minutos. A utilização da técnica foi efetiva na espécie, e a monitoração do paciente foi crucial para nortear o sucesso da anestesia e o conforto do animal durante todo o procedimento

Condrossarcoma mixoide em joelho de cão com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial - Relato de caso

RESUMO. O objetivo do presente relato é descrever um caso de condrossarcoma mixoide em um cão. Foi atendida uma cadela com nove anos de idade da raça Chow-Chow com queixa de claudicação do membro pélvico esquerdo. O paciente foi diagnosticado e encaminhado para tratamento cirúrgico de ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial esquerdo. Durante a artrotomia para avaliação dos meniscos, observou-se superfície periarticular irregular e rugosa sem notório aumento de volume na região óssea distal do fêmur. Optou-se pela coleta de amostras para análise histopatológica, que revelou a presença do condrossarcoma mixoide. Após 15 dias foi realizada a amputação do membro pélvico esquerdo. Sete meses seguintes da cirurgia, o animal apresentou dificuldade respiratória e hiporexia. Foi realizada radiografia torácica, identificando sinais de metástase pulmonar. Introduziu-se uma sonda esofágica para fazer a alimentação enteral do paciente. Dias após, o animal apresentou piora do quadro clínico e a proprietária optou por não fazer tratamento quimioterápico e sim eutanásia. Apesar de o tratamento cirúrgico ter permitido ao paciente uma boa taxa de sobrevida, não foi suficiente para evitar o desenvolvimento de metástase, o que nos faz considerar que tratamentos adjuvantes como a quimioterapia podem ser necessários. Além disso, ressalta-se a importância de se observar o aspecto macroscópico dos tecidos durante cirurgias ósseas e articulares

Intraoperative and early postoperative pain in cats that underwent ovariohysterectomy using a spay hook: a randomised, masked, experimental study

Abstract Background This study aimed to compare the feasibility and practicality of the ovariohysterectomy (OHE) technique in cats with or without a spay hook with respect to the incision size, surgical time, surgical variables, and intra- and postoperative pain. Twenty-nine female cats underwent OHE using a spay hook (spay hook group [SHG], n = 15) or without using a spay hook (control group [CG], n = 14) to achieve the ovaries and cervix. Physiological parameters were monitored during the intraoperative period, and postoperative pain was assessed using a multidimensional composite and visual analogue pain scales. Results The SHG had a significantly shorter operative time than the CG. The variables in the intraoperative period showed no statistically significant difference between both groups, as well as the early postoperative pain. Conclusions Less invasive OHE using a spay hook could potentially be a viable and feasible technique when performed by an inexperienced surgeon with appropriate training, especially in sterilisation campaigns, reducing the time to perform the procedure and increasing the number of animals spayed per time