Penentuan Aktivitas Antioksidan Berdasarkan Nilai IC50 Ekstrak Metanol Dan Fraksi Hasil Partisinya Pada Kulit Biji Pinang Yaki (Areca Vestiaria Giseke)

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol dan hasil partisinya dari ekstrak Areca vestiaria Giseke. Penelitian dimulai dengan proses maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol, kemudian dievaporasi pada suhu 40oC dan menghasilkan 27,3 g ekstrak pekat dari 330,2 g sampel. Selanjutnya, ekstrak metanol diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dan diperoleh nilai IC50 sebesar 8,3 ppm.. Ekstrak kemudian dipartisi dengan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat dan air dan dievaporasi. Seluruh fraksi kemudian diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dan fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang paling baik dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 10,9 ppm.The purposes of this research were to determine the IC50 values from methanol extract and its extract partition of extract Areca vestiaria Giseke. The research was started with maceration process using methanol as a solvent, then evaporated at 40oC which produce 27,3 g extract from 330,2 g sample. After that, methanol extract was tested its antioxidant activity and the result of IC50 values ​​was 8,3 ppm. And then, the extract was partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water and evaporated. All of the fraction was then tested its antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the best antioxidant activity with IC50 values ​​of 10,9 ppm

Evaluasi Sistem Manajemen K3 Terhadap Metode Pemancangan Jack-in Pile

Pekerjaan Pekerjaan pondasi menggunakan metode jack-in pile sering kali menjadi pilihan pada proyek-proyek konstruksi di Surabaya. Meskipun lebih praktis dibandingkan metode lain, metode ini tetap menggunakan banyak alat berat sehingga kontraktor perlu memperhatikan penerapan peraturan untuk keselamatan para pekerjanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah sistem manajemen K3 yang telah diterapkan oleh Perusahaan-Perusahaan kontraktor pemancangan sudah sesuai dengan peraturan yang ada atau tidak, serta mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memungkinkan terjadinya kecelakaan kerja. Dari hasil 2 metode penelitian yang dilakukan, didapatkan hasil yang cukup berbeda. Hasil wawancara tidak sesuai dengan hasil observasi di lapangan. Persentase penerapan yang mencapai 87,5% pada saat wawancara ternyata berbeda jauh dengan Kenyataannya yang hanya mencapai persentase 53,85%. Dari hasil ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa belum semua sistem manajemen K3 yang direncanakan oleh Perusahaan-Perusahaan kontraktor pemancangan diaplikasikan dengan baik di lapangan. Perusahaan tidak pernah menyediakan rambu-rambu K3 yang menyebabkan kesadaran yang rendah dari para pekerjanya untuk mentaati peraturan-peraturan, sebagai contoh, pekerja yang menggunakan helm hanya 38%, operator yang menggunakan pelindung kepala hanya 25%, kebersihan dan ketertiban di proyek masih sangat buruk

Measurement of the electric fluctuation spectrum of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the solar wind is observed to show the spectral behavior of classical Kolmogorov fluid turbulence over an inertial subrange and departures from this at short wavelengths, where energy should be dissipated. Here we present the first measurements of the electric field fluctuation spectrum over the inertial and dissipative wavenumber ranges in a $\beta \gtrsim 1$ plasma. The $k^{-5/3}$ inertial subrange is observed and agrees strikingly with the magnetic fluctuation spectrum; the wave phase speed in this regime is shown to be consistent with the Alfv\'en speed. At smaller wavelengths $k \rho_i \geq 1$ the electric spectrum is softer and is consistent with the expected dispersion relation of short-wavelength kinetic Alfv\'en waves. Kinetic Alfv\'en waves damp on the solar wind ions and electrons and may act to isotropize them. This effect may explain the fluid-like nature of the solar wind.Comment: submitted; 4 pages + 3 figure

Role of the Calcium Plateau in the Neuronal Injury and Behavioral Morbidities Following Organophosphate Intoxication

Organophosphate (OP) chemicals include nerve agents and pesticides, and there is a growing concern of OP based chemical attacks against civilians. Current antidotes are essential in limiting immediate mortality associated with OP exposure. However, further research is needed to identify molecular mechanisms underlying long-term neurological deficits following survival of OP toxicity in order to develop effective therapeutics. We have developed rat survival models of OP induced status epilepticus (SE) that mimic chronic mortality and morbidity following OP intoxication. We have observed significant elevations in hippocampal calcium levels after OP SE that persisted for weeks following initial survival. Drugs inhibiting intracellular calcium-induced calcium release such as dantrolene, levetiracetam, and carisbamate lowered OP-SE mediated protracted calcium elevations. Given the critical role of calcium signaling in modulating behavior and cell-death mechanisms, drugs targeted at preventing the development of the calcium plateau could enhance neuroprotection, help reduce morbidity and improve outcome following survival of OP SE

Kinase suppressor of Ras 1 is not required for the generation of regulatory and memory T cells

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a critical regulator of the differentiation of helper and regulatory CD4+ T cells, as well as memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the role of the ERK signaling pathway in regulating mTOR activation in T cells. We showed that activation of ERK following TCR engagement is required for sustained mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activation. Absence of kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1), a scaffold protein of the ERK signaling pathway, or inhibition of ERK resulted in decreased mTORC1 activity following T cell activation. However, KSR1-deficient mice displayed normal regulatory CD4+ T cell development, as well as normal memory CD8+ T cell responses to LCMV and Listeria monocytogenes infection. These data indicate that despite its role in mTORC1 activation, KSR1 is not required in vivo for mTOR-dependent T cell differentiation

Pembuatan Aplikasi Objek Removal Dengan Menggunakan Exemplar-Based Inpainting

Teknologi saat ini telah berkembang dengan pesat sehingga memudahkan pengambilan gambar. Namun seringkali terdapat objek yang tidak diinginkan pada gambar yang diambil. Masalah dapat timbul apabila objek tersebut dihilangkan dari gambar, karena akan menghasilkan ruang kosong pada gambar tersebut.Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pengisian ruang kosong (target region) pada gambar dengan menggunakan metode novel based exemplar sebagai metode untuk pengisian gambar. Keunggulan dari metode ini adalah penggunaan urutan pengisian gambar yang dipengaruhi oleh nilai isophote dan jumlah source region.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran atau bentuk penyeleksian objek, gradasi, pembiasan warna sangat berpengaruh terhadap hasil inpainting. Prioritas sangat mempengaruhi pengambilan pada source region yang dicari. Gradien yang jelas tanpa dipengaruhi oleh pembiasan, gradasi warna dan blur akan membuat hasil inpainting yang alami

Using Community-Owned Resource Persons to Provide Early Diagnosis and Treatment and Estimate Malaria Burden at Community Level in North-Eastern Tanzania.

Although early diagnosis and prompt treatment is an important strategy for control of malaria, using fever to initiate presumptive treatment with expensive artemisinin combination therapy is a major challenge; particularly in areas with declining burden of malaria. This study was conducted using community-owned resource persons (CORPs) to provide early diagnosis and treatment of malaria, and collect data for estimation of malaria burden in four villages of Korogwe district, north-eastern Tanzania.In 2006, individuals with history of fever within 24 hours or fever (axillary temperature ≥37.5°C) at presentation were presumptively treated using sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine. Between 2007 and 2010, individuals aged five years and above, with positive rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were treated with artemether/lumefantrine (AL) while under-fives were treated irrespective of RDT results. Reduction in anti-malarial consumption was determined by comparing the number of cases that would have been presumptively treated and those that were actually treated based on RDTs results. Trends of malaria incidence and slide positivity rates were compared between lowlands and highlands. Of 15,729 cases attended, slide positivity rate was 20.4% and declined by >72.0% from 2008, reaching <10.0% from 2009 onwards; and the slide positivity rates were similar in lowlands and highlands from 2009 onwards. Cases with fever at presentation declined slightly, but remained at >40.0% in under-fives and >20.0% among individuals aged five years and above. With use of RDTs, cases treated with AL decreased from <58.0% in 2007 to <11.0% in 2010 and the numbers of adult courses saved were 3,284 and 1,591 in lowlands and highlands respectively. Malaria incidence declined consistently from 2008 onwards; and the highest incidence of malaria shifted from children aged <10 years to individuals aged 10-19 years from 2009. With basic training, supervision and RDTs, CORPs successfully provided early diagnosis and treatment and reduced consumption of anti-malarials. Progressively declining malaria incidence and slide positivity rates suggest that all fever cases should be tested with RDTs before treatment. Data collected by CORPs was used to plan phase 1b MSP3 malaria vaccine trial and will be used for monitoring and evaluation of different health interventions. The current situation indicates that there is a remarkable changing pattern of malaria and these areas might be moving from control to pre-elimination levels

Aptitude de trois souches de moisissures à produire des enzymes extracellulaires en milieu solide au Burkina Faso

Objectif: La présente étude a pour objectif la caractérisation physiologique de trois souches de moisissures S1, S2 et S3 isolées respectivement du maïs, de l’arachide et du riz au biais de leur capacité à produire des enzymes extracellulaires.Méthodologie et résultats: Au total, soixante-seize (76) échantillons d’aliments locaux ont été collectés dans des marchés centraux de trois villes du Burkina Faso. Deux cent soixante-douze (272) souches de moisissures ont été isolées et soumises au criblage indirect de production d’enzymes extracellulaires. Il consiste à estimer la production par mesure de la vitesse de croissance apicale des souches fongiques sur des milieux solides supplémentés par différents substrats carbonés. Le criblage a révélé l’activité protéolitique, amylolitiques, tannasiques, lipolitique et cellulosique de trois souches de moisissures. Selon les clés d’identification de Raper &amp; Fennell (1965) et Pitt (1985), ces trois souches S1, S2 et S3 sont respectivement Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus et Penicillium citrinum.Conclusion et application: Les micro-organismes en général et les champignons en particulier constituent des sources d'enzymes plus facilement exploitables que celles des végétaux ou les animaux à cause de la simplicité de purification. Les enzymes fongiques restent toujours les outils clés de la biotechnologie et reflètent de plus en plus l’importance et le rôle infini des moisissures dans les différentes applications alimentaires. Parmi ces enzymes, les lipases, les phytases et les tannases sont perçues comme étant des enzymes importantes en industrie. Cependant, le principal obstacle qui freine les applications potentielles de ces enzymes est leur coût. Des souches locales productrices d’intéressantes enzymes pourraient contribuer à l’amoindrir.Mots clés: enzymes extracellulaires, aliments locaux, moisissures, milieu solide, croissance apicaleEnglish Title: The ability of three strains of fungi to produce extracellular enzymes on solid state in Burkina FasoEnglish AbstractObjective: The aim of this study is the physiological characterization of three fungi strains S1, S2 and S3 respectively isolated from maize, groundnuts and rice through their ability to produce extracellular enzymes.Methods and Results: A total of seventy-six (76) samples of local foods were collected in centrals markets of three cities in Burkina Faso. Two hundred and seventy-two (272) fungi strains were isolated and submitted to extracellular enzymes indirect screening production. It was consisted by measuring the apical growth rate of the fungi strains on solid media supplemented with various carbon substrates. The screening revealed the proteolytic, amylolitic, tannasic, lipolytic and cellulosic activities of three fungi strains. According to the Raper &amp; Fennell (1965) and Pitt (1985) identification key, these three strains S1, S2 and S3 are respectively Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum.Conclusion and Application: Micro-organisms in general and filamentous fungi in particular are rich sources of enzymes more easily exploitable than those of plants or animals due to the simplicity in purification. Fungal enzymes remain biotechnology key tools and reflect increasingly important and the infinity role of mold in various food applications. Among these enzymes, lipases, phytases and tannases are perceived as important enzymes in industry. However, the main obstacle hindering the potential applications of these enzymes is their cost. Local fungi strains with interesting enzymes property could help cost decreasing.Keywords: extracellular enzymes, local foods, fungi, solid state, apical growt

Epidemiology of Malaria in an Area Prepared for Clinical Trials in Korogwe, North-eastern Tanzania.

Site preparation is a pre-requesite in conducting malaria vaccines trials. This study was conducted in 12 villages to determine malariometric indices and associated risk factors, during long and short rainy seasons, in an area with varying malaria transmission intensities in Korogwe district, Tanzania. Four villages had passive case detection (PCD) of fever system using village health workers. Four malariometric cross-sectional surveys were conducted between November 2005 and May 2007 among individuals aged 0-19 years, living in lowland urban, lowland rural and highland strata. A total of 10,766 blood samples were collected for malaria parasite diagnosis and anaemia estimation. Blood smears were stained with Giemsa while haemoglobin level was measured by HaemoCue. Socio-economic data were collected between Jan-Apr 2006. Adjusting for the effect of age, the risk of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia was significantly lower in both lowland urban, (OR = 0.26; 95%CI: 0.23-0.29, p < 0.001) and highlands, (OR = 0.21; 95%CI: 0.17-0.25, p < 0.001) compared to lowland rural. Individuals aged 6-9 years in the lowland rural and 4-19 years in both lowland urban and highlands had the highest parasite prevalence, whilst children below five years in all strata had the highest parasite density. Prevalence of splenomegaly and gametocyte were also lower in both lowland urban and highlands than in lowland rural. Anaemia (Hb <11 g/dl) prevalence was lowest in the lowland urban. Availability of PCD and higher socio-economic status (SES) were associated with reduced malaria and anaemia prevalence. Higher SES and use of bed nets in the lowland urban could be the important factors for low malaria infections in this stratum. Results obtained here were used together with those from PCD and DSS in selecting a village for Phase 1b MSP3 vaccine trial, which was conducted in the study area in year 2008

Pharmacological Blockade of the Calcium Plateau Provides Neuroprotection Following Organophosphate Paraoxon Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats

Organophosphate (OP) compounds which include nerve agents and pesticides are considered chemical threat agents. Currently approved antidotes are crucial in limiting OP mediated acute mortality. However, survivors of lethal OP exposure exhibit delayed neuronal injury and chronic behavioral morbidities. In this study, we investigated neuroprotective capabilities of dantrolene and carisbamate in a rat survival model of paraoxon (POX) induced status epilepticus (SE). Significant elevations in hippocampal calcium levels were observed 48-h post POX SE survival, and treatment with dantrolene (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and carisbamate (90 mg/kg, i.m.) lowered these protracted calcium elevations. POX SE induced delayed neuronal injury as characterized by Fluoro Jade C labeling was observed in critical brain areas including the dentate gyrus, parietal cortex, amygdala, and thalamus. Dantrolene and carisbamate treatment provided significant neuroprotection against delayed neuronal damage in these brain regions when administered one-hour after POX-SE. These results indicate that dantrolene or carisbamate could be effective adjuvant therapies to the existing countermeasures to reduce neuronal injury and behavioral morbidities post OP SE survival