La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamento de Boyacá, Guainía y Meta.

El acompañamiento psicosocial en escenarios de violencia, es un proceso que pretende garantizar el aporte a la reconstrucción de la subjetividad e identidad humana de las personas en condición de víctimas, restaurando su tejido, relaciones sociales y vínculos interpersonales en cada uno de sus contextos de interacción con ayuda de los recursos propios y del medio con los que cada uno cuenta. es importante en tal sentido el diseño e implementación de estrategias psicosociales que contribuyan al logro de los objetivos propuestos incitando a las víctimas a que visualicen un futuro luego de la experiencia traumática y estresante, y logren en medio de su proceso configurar sus posturas y de esta manera aportar a su proceso de resocialización. El desarrollo del presente informe, se realiza teniendo en cuenta los relatos de vida tomados del libro “VOCES: Relatos de violencia y esperanza en Colombia”, Editado por el Banco mundial en el año 2009 tomando como referente el caso número 1 titulado “Modesto Pacaya”, con el fin de abordar desde el enfoque narrativo los impactos psicosociales que genera la violencia, realizando un análisis profundo de las problemáticas sociopolíticas que se experimentan en el relato y la manera como el profesional en psicología debe intervenir realizando el correcto acompañamiento psicosocial a las víctimas contribuyendo con la reconstrucción de su tejido social y resocialización. Por otra parte, el informe contiene un ejercicio narrativo, tomando como referente problemáticas presentes en los departamentos de Boyacá, Guainía y Meta, con el fin de realizar un acompañamiento psicosocial desde la estrategia foto voz, adicionalmente se realiza un análisis psicosocial y observación de caso de la comunidad Cacarica, con el objetivo de poner en práctica de forma narrativa las estrategias y herramientas estudiadas a lo largo del diplomado de profundizaciónPsychosocial accompaniment in scenarios of violence is a process that aims to guarantee the contribution to the reconstruction of the subjectivity and human identity of people in a condition of victims, restoring their fabric, social relationships and interpersonal links in each of their interaction contexts, with the help of their own resources and the means that each individual has. It is important in this regard the design and implementation of psychosocial strategies that contribute to the achievement of the proposed objectives by encouraging victims to visualize a future after the traumatic and stressful experience, and achieve in the middle of their process configure their positions and this way to contribute to its resocialization process. The development of this report is carried out taking into account the life stories taken from the book “VOCES: Stories of Violence and Hope in Colombia”, Edited by the World Bank in 2009 taking as reference the case number 1 entitled “Modesto Pacaya ”, In order to address from the narrative approach the psychosocial impacts generated by violence, carrying out an in-depth analysis of the socio-political problems that are experienced in the story and the way in which the professional in psychology must intervene making the correct psychosocial support to the victims contributing to the reconstruction of their social fabric and resocialization. On the other hand, the report contains a narrative exercise, taking as a reference issues present in the departments of Boyacá, Guainía and Meta, in order to carry out a psychosocial accompaniment from the photo voice strategy, additionally a psychosocial analysis and case observation of the cacarica community, with the objective of putting into practice in a narrative way the strategies and tools studied throughout the deepening diploma

Surgical Management of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules across Different World Regions: Results from a Retrospective Multicentric (the MAIN-NODE) Study

Indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs) are characterized by an expected malignancy ranging from 5% to 30%, with most patients undergoing a diagnostic, rather than therapeutic, operation. The aim of our study was to compare the approach to ITNs across different regions of the world. In this retrospective, multicentric, international study, according to the WHO classification, we identified the South East Asian Region (SEAR), the Americas Region (AMR), the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), the Europe Region (EUR), and the Western Pacific Region (WPR). One high-volume thyroid centre was included for each region. Demographic, preoperative, and pathologic data were compared among the different regions. Overall, 5737 patients from five high-volume thyroid centres were included in this study. We found that the proportion of ITNs over the global activity for thyroid disease was higher in the EUR (37.6%) than in the other regions (21.1-23.6%). In the EMR, the patients were significantly younger (with a mean of 43.1 years) than in the other regions (range, 48.8-57.4 years). The proportion of lobectomy was significantly higher in the WPR, where 83.2% (114/137) of patients received this treatment, than in the other regions, where lobectomies were performed in 44.1-58.1% of patients. The pathological diagnosis of malignancy was significantly higher in the SEAR centre, being over 60%, than in centres of the other regions, where it ranged from 26.3% to 41.3%. The occurrence of lymph node metastases was higher in the WPR (27.8%), AMR (26.9%), and EMR (20%) centres than in the EUR and SEAR centres, where it was lower than 10%. In summary, we found in our study different approaches and outcomes in the diagnosis and treatment of ITNs among countries. Overall, almost 60% of patients with ITNs who underwent surgery actually presented a benign disease, potentially undergoing an unnecessary operation

Inducción de tolerancia inmunológica: alotrasplantes compuestos vascularizados y trasplantes de órgano sólido

Introduction: Immune tolerance induction could solve problems associated with lifelong immunosuppression, necessary to avoid allograft rejection.Objectives: To review immunological aspects, clinical models used and results achieved and to compare the results with solid organ transplantation and vascularized composite allotransplants.Materials and methods: A literature review was made in the PubMed database, yielding 299 results. The bibliography of the articles was reviewed and the pertinent documents were consulted. Finally, 83 articles were selected.Results: There are central and peripheral mechanisms to maintain tolerance to self-produced antigens. In clinical practice, central tolerance has been widely used through strategies that involve bone marrow transplantation. Several clinical trials, mostly in kidney transplant patients, have shown promising but inconsistent results.Conclusions: Immunosuppression was successfully suspended in renal transplantation patients, while its use was reduced considerably in hand transplantation patients. Immunological chimerism seems to be essential to develop tolerance to allografts, so it is necessary to elaborate protocols to induce persistent mixed chimerism.Introducción. La inducción de tolerancia inmunológica solucionaría los problemas asociados con la inmunosupresión de por vida, necesaria para evitar el rechazo de aloinjertos.Objetivos. Revisar aspectos inmunológicos, modelos clínicos utilizados y resultados obtenidos en la tolerancia y comparar los resultados obtenidos con trasplante de órgano sólido y alotrasplante compuesto vascularizado.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed que arrojó 299 resultados; se revisaron las bibliografías de los artículos y se consultaron las referencias pertinentes. Al final se seleccionaron 83 artículos.Resultados. Existen mecanismos centrales y periféricos para mantener la tolerancia a antígenos propios; en la práctica clínica, la tolerancia central ha sido más utilizada, esto se ha hecho mediante estrategias que utilizan trasplante conjunto de medula ósea. Varios ensayos clínicos, la mayoría en pacientes con trasplante renal, han mostrado resultados prometedores pero inconsistentes.Conclusiones. En trasplantes renales fue posible suspender de forma exitosa la inmunosupresión, mientras que en trasplantes de mano se logró disminuirla considerablemente. El quimerismo inmunológico parece ser indispensable para el desarrollo de tolerancia a aloinjertos, por lo que es necesario desarrollar protocolos para inducir quimerismo mixto persistente

Asociación entre la educación en trasplantes de órganos dirigida a estudiantes de medicina y la adquisición del carné de donantes de órganos. Estudio de corte transversal.

Background. The transplantation group of the National University of Colombia considers that education about transplants is important to raise the donation rate in this country.Objective. To find a statistical association between education about transplantation aimed at medical students and the number of students and their families bearing the organ donor card.Materials and methods. Cross-sectional analytical study. Two surveys were designed and sent to two different student populations. The first group had taken the course “Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation”, and the second group was composed of students from the fifth semester of medical education. The statistical test used was difference of proportions, sample size of 50 people, statistical power of 80%, difference in proportions 20%, alpha 0.05, p <0.05.Results. The surveys were answered by 29 students from first group and 74 students from second group. First question: “Do you carry the organ donor card?”, p-value of 0.03 found. Second question: “Do your family members carry the organ donor card?”, p-value of 0.732 found. Affirmative answer to the first question, p=0.10 and answer to second question, p=0.0005.Conclusion. An association was found between education about transplantation focused on medical students and bearing the organ donor card and communicating their wishes to their families. Likewise, an association between education and a positive attitude toward donation was found in the families of students that participated on the course “Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation”.Antecedentes. El grupo de trasplantes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia considera que la educación en esta área es importante para mejorar la tasa de donación en el país.Objetivo. Encontrar una asociación entre la educación en trasplante dirigida a estudiantes de pregrado y el número de estudiantes y sus familias que portan el carné de donante de órganos.Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Se realizaron dos encuestas dirigidas a dos grupos estudiantiles. El primer grupo cursó la asignatura “Trasplante de órganos y tejidos humanos” y el segundo grupo se encuentra cursando quinto semestre. La prueba estadística usada fue diferencia de proporciones, tamaño de muestra 50 personas, poder del 80%, diferencia de proporciones 20%, alfa 0,05, valor de p <0,05.Resultados. Encuestas evaluadas: 29 del primer grupo y 74 del segundo grupo. En la pregunta: “¿Porta el carné de donante de órganos?”, se encontró un valor de p de 0,03. En la pregunta: “¿Portan sus familiares el carné de donante de órganos?”, se halló un valor de p de 0,732. Respuesta afirmativa a primera pregunta p=0,10 y respuesta afirmativa a segunda pregunta p=0,0005.Conclusión. Existe una asociación entre educar en trasplantes a estudiantes de medicina en pregrado, el porte del carné de donante de órganos y la comunicación de su deseo de ser donante a su familia. Así mismo, se encontró una asociación entre la educación y una actitud positiva hacia la donación en las familias de los estudiantes que cursaron la asignatura de “Trasplante de órganos y tejidos humanos”

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules (THYCOVID) : a retrospective, international, multicentre, cross-sectional study

Background: Since its outbreak in early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has diverted resources from non-urgent and elective procedures, leading to diagnosis and treatment delays, with an increased number of neoplasms at advanced stages worldwide. The aims of this study were to quantify the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic; and to evaluate whether delays in surgery led to an increased occurrence of aggressive tumours. Methods: In this retrospective, international, cross-sectional study, centres were invited to participate in June 22, 2022; each centre joining the study was asked to provide data from medical records on all surgical thyroidectomies consecutively performed from Jan 1, 2019, to Dec 31, 2021. Patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules were divided into three groups according to when they underwent surgery: from Jan 1, 2019, to Feb 29, 2020 (global prepandemic phase), from March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021 (pandemic escalation phase), and from June 1 to Dec 31, 2021 (pandemic decrease phase). The main outcomes were, for each phase, the number of surgeries for indeterminate thyroid nodules, and in patients with a postoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancers, the occurrence of tumours larger than 10 mm, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastases, vascular invasion, distant metastases, and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence. Univariate analysis was used to compare the probability of aggressive thyroid features between the first and third study phases. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05178186. Findings: Data from 157 centres (n=49 countries) on 87 467 patients who underwent surgery for benign and malignant thyroid disease were collected, of whom 22 974 patients (18 052 [78·6%] female patients and 4922 [21·4%] male patients) received surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules. We observed a significant reduction in surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the pandemic escalation phase (median monthly surgeries per centre, 1·4 [IQR 0·6-3·4]) compared with the prepandemic phase (2·0 [0·9-3·7]; p&lt;0·0001) and pandemic decrease phase (2·3 [1·0-5·0]; p&lt;0·0001). Compared with the prepandemic phase, in the pandemic decrease phase we observed an increased occurrence of thyroid tumours larger than 10 mm (2554 [69·0%] of 3704 vs 1515 [71·5%] of 2119; OR 1·1 [95% CI 1·0-1·3]; p=0·042), lymph node metastases (343 [9·3%] vs 264 [12·5%]; OR 1·4 [1·2-1·7]; p=0·0001), and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence (203 [5·7%] of 3584 vs 155 [7·7%] of 2006; OR 1·4 [1·1-1·7]; p=0·0039). Interpretation: Our study suggests that the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic period could have led to an increased occurrence of aggressive thyroid tumours. However, other compelling hypotheses, including increased selection of patients with aggressive malignancies during this period, should be considered. We suggest that surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules should no longer be postponed even in future instances of pandemic escalation.</p

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules (THYCOVID): a retrospective, international, multicentre, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND Since its outbreak in early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has diverted resources from non-urgent and elective procedures, leading to diagnosis and treatment delays, with an increased number of neoplasms at advanced stages worldwide. The aims of this study were to quantify the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic; and to evaluate whether delays in surgery led to an increased occurrence of aggressive tumours. METHODS In this retrospective, international, cross-sectional study, centres were invited to participate in June 22, 2022; each centre joining the study was asked to provide data from medical records on all surgical thyroidectomies consecutively performed from Jan 1, 2019, to Dec 31, 2021. Patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules were divided into three groups according to when they underwent surgery: from Jan 1, 2019, to Feb 29, 2020 (global prepandemic phase), from March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021 (pandemic escalation phase), and from June 1 to Dec 31, 2021 (pandemic decrease phase). The main outcomes were, for each phase, the number of surgeries for indeterminate thyroid nodules, and in patients with a postoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancers, the occurrence of tumours larger than 10 mm, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastases, vascular invasion, distant metastases, and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence. Univariate analysis was used to compare the probability of aggressive thyroid features between the first and third study phases. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05178186. FINDINGS Data from 157 centres (n=49 countries) on 87 467 patients who underwent surgery for benign and malignant thyroid disease were collected, of whom 22 974 patients (18 052 [78·6%] female patients and 4922 [21·4%] male patients) received surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules. We observed a significant reduction in surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the pandemic escalation phase (median monthly surgeries per centre, 1·4 [IQR 0·6-3·4]) compared with the prepandemic phase (2·0 [0·9-3·7]; p<0·0001) and pandemic decrease phase (2·3 [1·0-5·0]; p<0·0001). Compared with the prepandemic phase, in the pandemic decrease phase we observed an increased occurrence of thyroid tumours larger than 10 mm (2554 [69·0%] of 3704 vs 1515 [71·5%] of 2119; OR 1·1 [95% CI 1·0-1·3]; p=0·042), lymph node metastases (343 [9·3%] vs 264 [12·5%]; OR 1·4 [1·2-1·7]; p=0·0001), and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence (203 [5·7%] of 3584 vs 155 [7·7%] of 2006; OR 1·4 [1·1-1·7]; p=0·0039). INTERPRETATION Our study suggests that the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic period could have led to an increased occurrence of aggressive thyroid tumours. However, other compelling hypotheses, including increased selection of patients with aggressive malignancies during this period, should be considered. We suggest that surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules should no longer be postponed even in future instances of pandemic escalation. FUNDING None

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules (THYCOVID): a retrospective, international, multicentre, cross-sectional study

Background: Since its outbreak in early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has diverted resources from non-urgent and elective procedures, leading to diagnosis and treatment delays, with an increased number of neoplasms at advanced stages worldwide. The aims of this study were to quantify the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic; and to evaluate whether delays in surgery led to an increased occurrence of aggressive tumours. Methods: In this retrospective, international, cross-sectional study, centres were invited to participate in June 22, 2022; each centre joining the study was asked to provide data from medical records on all surgical thyroidectomies consecutively performed from Jan 1, 2019, to Dec 31, 2021. Patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules were divided into three groups according to when they underwent surgery: from Jan 1, 2019, to Feb 29, 2020 (global prepandemic phase), from March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021 (pandemic escalation phase), and from June 1 to Dec 31, 2021 (pandemic decrease phase). The main outcomes were, for each phase, the number of surgeries for indeterminate thyroid nodules, and in patients with a postoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancers, the occurrence of tumours larger than 10 mm, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastases, vascular invasion, distant metastases, and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence. Univariate analysis was used to compare the probability of aggressive thyroid features between the first and third study phases. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05178186. Findings: Data from 157 centres (n=49 countries) on 87 467 patients who underwent surgery for benign and malignant thyroid disease were collected, of whom 22 974 patients (18 052 [78·6%] female patients and 4922 [21·4%] male patients) received surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules. We observed a significant reduction in surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the pandemic escalation phase (median monthly surgeries per centre, 1·4 [IQR 0·6-3·4]) compared with the prepandemic phase (2·0 [0·9-3·7]; p&lt;0·0001) and pandemic decrease phase (2·3 [1·0-5·0]; p&lt;0·0001). Compared with the prepandemic phase, in the pandemic decrease phase we observed an increased occurrence of thyroid tumours larger than 10 mm (2554 [69·0%] of 3704 vs 1515 [71·5%] of 2119; OR 1·1 [95% CI 1·0-1·3]; p=0·042), lymph node metastases (343 [9·3%] vs 264 [12·5%]; OR 1·4 [1·2-1·7]; p=0·0001), and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence (203 [5·7%] of 3584 vs 155 [7·7%] of 2006; OR 1·4 [1·1-1·7]; p=0·0039). Interpretation: Our study suggests that the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic period could have led to an increased occurrence of aggressive thyroid tumours. However, other compelling hypotheses, including increased selection of patients with aggressive malignancies during this period, should be considered. We suggest that surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules should no longer be postponed even in future instances of pandemic escalation. Funding: None