Comparative Evaluation of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions Parameters in Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors

The aim of the paper was to evaluate the AgNOR parameters for the discrimination of benign from malignant breast tumors via a new approach -the total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA). Material and methods. Three groups, consisting of control (n = 14), benign (n = 18) and malignant (n = 28) participants were included in the study. The AgNOR staining technique was performed and both mean AgNOR number and TAA/NA ratio were evaluated.Results. While the differences between the control and patient groups were statistically significant for AgNOR number (p 0.05). For the ratio of TAA/NA, the differences between the control and benign group (p < 0.001), control and malignant group (p < 0.001), and malignant and benign patient groups were significant. (p < 0.05).Conclusion. We consider that the evaluation of the TAA/NA rate, when compared with the AgNOR number, can be more sensitive and useful tool for distinguishing benign from the malignant breast lesions

Bir Vatandaşlık Değeri Olarak Yurtseverlik: Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmen Adaylarının Algısı

Patriotism is one of the citizenship values that need to be taught in social studies. This study explored social studies teacher candidates’ perceptions of patriotism and patriotic education. The study was conducted in phenomenology design and it included 15 social studies teacher candidates. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. The study found that all the teacher candidates primarily associated patriotism with love, respect and commitment. Also, some of the participants regarded patriotism as fulfilling one’s responsibilities while some others considered it as striving for human rights and democracy. In addition, the participants had a constructive and democratic perception of patriotism in general. The social studies teacher candidates’ perception of patriotism is influenced by their families’ and social environments’ perception of patriotism and patriotism messages given by the educational system and media. Finally, the teacher candidates’ perception of patriotism had a direct impact on their perspective on patriotic educationYurtseverlik, sosyal bilgiler dersinde kazandırılması gereken vatandaşlık değerlerdendir. Bu araştırma, sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının yurtseverlik algısını ve yurtseverlik eğitimine bakışını irdelemiştir. Olgubilim deseninde gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmaya 15 sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni katılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme ile toplanmış ve tematik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, öğretmen adaylarının tamamı yurtseverliği, öncelikle sevgi, saygı ve bağlılık ile ilişkilendirmiş bunun ötesinde bazıları sorumluluklarını yerine getirmek bazıları da demokrasi ve insan hakları için çaba göstermek olarak yorumlamışlardır. Öğretmen adaylarının çoğunlukla yapıcı  yurtsever algısına  sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Aile, ikamet edilen sosyal çevre, eğitim, etnik yapı ve yazılı ve görsel basın Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının yurtseverlik algısının gelişiminde etkili olmuştur. Öğretmen adaylarının yurtseverlik algısı yurtseverlik eğitimine ilişkin bakış açısını doğrudan etkilemektedir.Anahtar kelimeler: Yurtseverlik, Sosyal Bilgiler, Vatandaşlık eğitimi, Öğretmen adaylar

Comparison of Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy and Local Corticosteroid Injection Effectiveness in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Study

Objective The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy and local corticosteroid injection on pain, function, and nerve conduction studies in the treatment of idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Design A total of 72 patients who were diagnosed as having carpal tunnel syndrome were included in the study. The radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy group received radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy, the local corticosteroid injection group received local corticosteroid injection, and the control group only used a resting hand splint. The patients were evaluated using a Visual Analog Scale-pain, a Visual Analog Scale-numbness, the Boston Symptom Severity Scale, the Boston Functional Status Scale, and handgrip strength tests before treatment 1 and 12 wks after the treatment. Results Both clinical and nerve conduction study parameters improved with all three groups, and this effect continued at the 12th-week follow-up of the patients. The Visual Analog Scale-pain, Visual Analog Scale-numbness, Boston Symptom Severity Scale, and Boston Functional Status Scale scores in the first week after the treatment, as well as Visual Analog Scale-pain and Boston Functional Status Scale scores in the 12th week after the treatment, were significantly lower in the local corticosteroid injection group compared with the other two groups. Conclusions Our study revealed the success of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy, splint, and local corticosteroid injection, but symptom relief was greater in the first week and 12th week with local corticosteroid injection. © Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved

The effects of ghrelin on colonic anastomosis healing in rats

OBJECTIVES: In addition to its roles in the stimulation of growth hormone secretion and the regulation of appetite and metabolism, ghrelin exerts immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions in several organ systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of ghrelin on the healing of experimental colonic anastomoses. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10 in each). A segment of colon was excised, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed in the distal colon. The Ghrelin Group received 10 ng/kg/day IP ghrelin for seven days postoperatively, whereas the Control Group received an identical volume of saline. On the seventh postoperative day, the anastomotic bursting pressures and hydroxyproline levels were measured, and adhesion formation around the anastomoses was examined. Histopathological analyses were performed to evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast infiltration, collagen density and neovascularization. RESULTS: In the Ghrelin Group, the bursting pressure and hydroxyproline levels were significantly higher than in the Control Group. The adhesion formation scores were lower in the Ghrelin Group than in the Control Group. Although the inflammatory cell infiltration was diminished in the Ghrelin Group, the degrees of fibroblast infiltration, collagen density and neovascularization were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that ghrelin improves the healing of colonic anastomoses in rats

1,8-diketone ring closure reaction to the synthesis of BEDT-TTF derivatives

TTF t&uuml;revlerinin sentezine y&ouml;nelik &ccedil;alışmalar son yıllarda artış g&ouml;stermiştir. G&uuml;n&uuml;m&uuml;zde &ldquo;tetratiyafulvalen&rdquo; sınıfı organik s&uuml;periletkenlerde s&uuml;periletkenlik &ouml;zelliği en y&uuml;ksek 12.8K&rsquo;de bis(etilenditiyo)tetratiyafulvalen (BEDT-TTF veya ET)&rsquo;nin Cu[N(CN)2]Cl ile yaptığı &ldquo;charge-transfer&rdquo; tuzu ile g&ouml;zlenmiştir. S&uuml;periletkenlik; elektrik akımının iletilmesi sırasında direncin yok olması ve materyalin &uuml;zerine uygulanan manyetik alanın s&uuml;periletken tarafından itilmesi (Meissner etki) ile a&ccedil;ıklanmaktadır. Bu &ccedil;alışmanın amacı 1,8-diketonlardan Lawesson&rsquo;s reaktantı ve P4S10 ile halka kapama reaksiyonu sonucu 1,4-ditiyin ve tiyofen elde etmektir. Ph, 4-CH3OPh, 4-BrPh ve CH3 gibi fonksiyonel gruplar taşıyan bu maddeler 4,5-di(methylsulfanyl)-1,3-dithiol-2-one ile birleştirilerek &uuml;&ccedil; &uuml;r&uuml;n elde edilmiştir. Bu &uuml;r&uuml;nlerin yapısı NMR( 1H, 13C), MASS ve Elementel Analiz ile karakterize edilmiştir.&nbsp;Anahtar Kelimeler: S&uuml;periletkenlik, TTF t&uuml;revleri, LR ve P4S10.For the past 25 years there has been considerable interest in crystalline organic materials that possess unusual electronic and magnetic properties. This is due to metallic behaviour of its radical cation salts with mono anions and electron acceptors such as TCNQ, which exhibit semiconducting, conducting and superconducting properties. The most widely studied derivative, bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) which shows superconducting property, has the highest critical temperature, TC=12.8 K, with k-(BEDT-TTF)Cu[N(CN)2Br]. The aim of this work is to synthesise new derivatives of  bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene. Use of Lawesson's reagent (LR) and Phosphoruspentasulfide (P4S10) leads such a ring formation via chemical conversion of carbonil groups to thiocarbonyls, which is called 1,8-diketone ring closure reaction. In both cases, with LR and  P4S10, the reaction resulted in the formation of six membered 1,4-dithiin and five-membered thiophene rings along with the side products. The dithiins and the thiophenes was coupled with the readily available  4,5-di(methylsulfanyl)-1,3-dithiol-2-one in neat triethylphosphite at 110 0C under nitrogen atmosphere. A successful column chromatography achieved their separation as the crosscoupled and selfcoupled products. The cross coupled and self coupled products were characterized by NMR (1H, 13C), MASS and Elementel Analysis. Oxidation potensials of organosulfur donors, which are the coupled products were measured by cyclic voltammetry and are compared with data for ET. Keywords: Superconducting, TTF derivatives, LR and P4S10

Bladder Papilloma As A Rare Cause Of Urogenital Bleeding In A Prepubertal Girl

There are different causes of urogenital bleeding in prepubertal girls. These include vulvovaginitis, urinary infections, urethral prolapse, urethral caruncle, vaginal foreign bodies, hormonal causes, tumors, posterior labial fusion, lichen sclerosis. Among the tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma and papilloma are prominent. In this article, a case of urogenital hemorrhage due to papilloma located at the base of the bladder was presented and the relevant literature was reviewed

Congenital Simple Hamartoma of Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Clinical and Imaging Findings

Congenital simple hamartoma of retinal pigment epithelium (CSHRPE) is a rare, asymptomatic, and incidentally detected benign lesion. However, it is very important to do the differential diagnosis from other pigmented retinal lesions. Its clinical presentation and imaging findings are very helpful in doing this differentiation. This paper presents clinical and imaging findings of a 56-year-old woman with incidentally detected CSHRPE. The lesion was small, heavily pigmented, well circumscribed, and slightly elevated. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning was diagnostic and showed an elevated retina at the site of the lesion, increased optical reflectivity on its inner surface, optical shadowing of deeper structures, and clearly cut tumor margins. Ocular ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography, and fundus autofluorescence imaging which is firstly described in this report did not show any characteristic finding

The Effect of High Dose Melatonin on Cardiac Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Purpose: Melatonin, the most potent scavenger of toxic free radicals, has been found to be effective in protecting against pathological states due to the release of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to establish the effect of high dose melatonin on protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat hearts. Materials and Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were separated into four groups of ten rats each. A left coronary artery occlusion was induced in the rats by ligating the artery for 20 minutes and then releasing the ligation (reperfusion) afterwards. The control group was Group A. Group B was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion without any treatment, while Group C underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the ischemia. Group D was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the reperfusion. After 20 minutes of reperfusion, blood samples were obtained from each group for biochemical studies, and the animals were sacrificed for histological and, immunohistochemical examinations of the myocardial tissue. Results: We found that the cardiac troponin T(cTn-T) levels were significantly increased in Group B when all groups were compared. In the Group C rats treated with melatonin, the cTn-T values were significantly lower than those in Groups B and D. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes including, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were lower than those in Group B in the melatonin treated groups. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Histopathologic and immunohistopathologic studies also supported the effectiveness of melatonin. Conclusion: Our study suggests that high dose melatonin, appears to offer protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats by scavenging the free radicals and could have a potential clinical use in the management of myocardial ischemia.PURPOSE:Melatonin, the most potent scavenger of toxic free radicals, has been found to be effective in protecting against pathological states due to the release of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to establish the effect of high dose melatonin on protection against ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat hearts.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were separated into four groups of ten rats each. A left coronary artery occlusion was induced in the rats by ligating the artery for 20 minutes and then releasing the ligation (reperfusion) afterwards. The control group was Group A. Group B was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion without any treatment, while Group C underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the ischemia. Group D was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the reperfusion. After 20 minutes of reperfusion, blood samples were obtained from each group for biochemical studies, and the animals were sacrificed for histological and, immunohistochemical examinations of the myocardial tissue.RESULTS:We found that the cardiac troponin T(cTn-T) levels were significantly increased in Group B when all groups were compared. In the Group C rats treated with melatonin, the cTn-T values were significantly lower than those in Groups B and D. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes including, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were lower than those in Group B in the melatonin treated groups. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Histopathologic and immunohistopathologic studies also supported the effectiveness of melatonin.CONCLUSION:Our study suggests that high dose melatonin, appears to offer protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats by scavenging the free radicals and could have a potential clinical use in the management of myocardial ischemia