Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin applied subcutaneously to children with chronic renal failure

The single-dose pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) given SC was investigated in 20 patients aged 7-20 years at different stages of chronic renal failure. In a pilot study we confirmed the lower bioavailability of the drug in 2 children when given SC compared with the IV route (24% and 43%, respectively). Following administration of 4,000 units/m2, rHuEPO SC effective serum erythropoietin concentrations increased from a mean baseline level (+/- SD) of 23 +/- 13 units/l to a mean peak concentration of 265 +/- 123 units/l, which was reached after 14.3 +/- 9.4 h, followed by a slow decline until baseline values were attained at 72 h. Mean residence time was 30 +/- 9 h and mean elimination half-time 14.3 +/- 7 h. The single-dose kinetics of SC rHuEPO in children with different degrees of renal failure are comparable to those in adult patients. Possibly, the higher efficacy of SC rHuEPO in patients with renal anaemia compared with IV rHuEPO is related to its prolonged action

Towards a Semantic-based Approach for Modeling Regulatory Documents in Building Industry

Regulations in the Building Industry are becoming increasingly complex and involve more than one technical area. They cover products, components and project implementation. They also play an important role to ensure the quality of a building, and to minimize its environmental impact. In this paper, we are particularly interested in the modeling of the regulatory constraints derived from the Technical Guides issued by CSTB and used to validate Technical Assessments. We first describe our approach for modeling regulatory constraints in the SBVR language, and formalizing them in the SPARQL language. Second, we describe how we model the processes of compliance checking described in the CSTB Technical Guides. Third, we show how we implement these processes to assist industrials in drafting Technical Documents in order to acquire a Technical Assessment; a compliance report is automatically generated to explain the compliance or noncompliance of this Technical Documents

Depredation Patterns of Northern Bobwhite Nest Predators in Virginia

Little information exists that can be used to accurately identify predator species responsible for destruction of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) nests. We used remotely-tripped cameras to photograph nest predators at 25 wild bobwhite nests that were continually filled with eggs from pen-raised quail. Data describing depredation events were collected to characterize species-specific damage patterns. Seven species of nest predators were photographed 1,797 times from June to October 1996. We describe depredation patterns for opossums (Didelphis marsupialis), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). These descriptions should help researchers identify the predator species responsible for destroyed bobwhite nests

Die badische Auswanderung im 19. Jahrhundert nach Nordamerika unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Amtsbezirks Karlsruhe zwischen 1880 - 1914

Die hier betrachtete transatlantische Massenauswanderung im 19. Jahrhundert, die selbst nur ein Ausschnitt der Bevölkerungsbewegung in Europa war, stellte zahlenmäßig den Höhepunkt der europäischen Expansionsgeschichte der Neuzeit dar. In den Hungerjahren 1816/17 bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs 1914 gingen rund 5,5 Millionen Deutsche nach Amerika. Darunter waren auch zahlreiche Badener, die ihre alte Heimat verließen, um ihr Glück in der Neuen Welt zu suchen

Averaging-based approach to toughness homogenisation for radial hydraulic fracture

The homogenisation of the fracture toughness is considered in the context of a propagating hydraulic fracture. The radial (penny-shape) model is utilized, in order to incorporate the impact of the viscosity-toughness regime transition over time. A homogenisation strategy based upon temporal-averaging is investigated. This approach incorporates the instantaneous fracture velocity, meaning that it should remain effective in the case of step-wise crack advancement. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated for periodic toughness distributions, including those which are unbalanced, utilizing a highly accurate solver.Comment: 39 pages, 22 figure

Die badische Auswanderung im 19. Jahrhundert nach Nordamerika unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Amtsbezirks Karlsruhe zwischen 1880 - 1914

Die hier betrachtete transatlantische Massenauswanderung im 19. Jahrhundert, die selbst nur ein Ausschnitt der Bevölkerungsbewegung in Europa war, stellte zahlenmäßig den Höhepunkt der europäischen Expansionsgeschichte der Neuzeit dar. In den Hungerjahren 1816/17 bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs gingen rund 5,5 Millionen Deutsche nach Amerika. Darunter waren auch zahlreiche Badener, die ihre alte Heimat verließen, um ihr Glück in der Neuen Welt zu suchen

Depositional Environments and Diagenesis of the Tonkawa Format (Yirgilian) in Woods and Part of Woodward Counties, Oklahoma

The study area is located on the northern shelf of the Anadarko Basin. It comprises some 1420 square miles of Woods and part of Woodward Counties, Oklahoma. The Tonkawa format represents the earliest regressive-transgressive couplet of the Douglas Group in the Virgilian Series. It is bounded above and below by the Haskell and Avant Limestones, respectively. Tonkawa sandstones are widespread over much of northern and northeastern Oklahoma and extend into eastern Kansas, where surface exposures are present. In the study area, the sandstones have been divided into four stratigraphic "packages", each representing different episodes of deposition. A package consists of one or more sand bodies that are laterally equivalent. The interval thins dramatically to the north and northwest as it approaches the carbonate shelf area. Isopach thicknesses vary from about 160 feet adjacent to the carbonate shelf to greater than 420 feet in the south and southeast parts of the study area. The Tonkawa sandstones probably represent a highconstructive lobate delta system. A net sandstone isolith map of the format suggests a northeast source area. The thinning of the interval probably represents the northern edge of the system in this area. Deltaic facies represented by the cores studied include prodelta, delta front, distributary-mouth bar, interdistributary bay, crevasse splay, and distributary channel. Structure maps of the top of the limestones show a basinward dip to the south and southwest ranging from 28 to 37 feet per mile. A series of north-northeast trending anticlinal and synclinal structures are present on both limestones. These tend to be broad and gentle. No faulting was identified. The dominant trapping mechanism in the Tonkawa sandstones is stratigraphic pinching out of sandstone bodies in an updip direction. Most of these sands probably represent distributary-mouth bar deposits. The sands present in the cores are identified as subrounded, fine to very fine grained, sublitharenites. Metamorphic and sedimentary clasts make up the rock fragment component. Muscovite is the most abundant detrital constituent in the sands. Porosity ranges from 0 to 14% and is almost wholly secondary. Authigenic calcite and siderite constitute the major pore filling constituents. Authigenic chlorite, kaolinite, and illite clays are present, but only in minor amounts.Geolog