Avaliação dos limites recomendados de pesos de toras manuseadas em atividades de descascamento de madeira.

This study  was conducted in a forest company of the Northern coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil with the objective of analyzing the handling weight of workers debarking operation, and comparing them with the recommended weight limits in the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The debarking was done with a debark system coupled to the force captured by a tractor. The table receptor supply of timber was done by two workers. The third worker pushed the timbers into the debark system and the fourth one received them debarked depositing them into the ground. The data on weight handling were obtained through a load cell. The distances between load and body, angles, displacements, and recurrences were obtained about by direct measurement and a time series analysis. The analysis of recommended weight limits was performed using a model developed by the NIOSH. According to the results, the operations of the timber debark can not be corried out by this mode because of the high frequency of weight handling per minute observed.O presente estudo foi realizado em uma empresa florestal no norte do Estado da Bahia com o objetivo de analisar os pesos manuseados por trabalhadores em operações de descascamento de madeira e compará-los com os limites recomendados de pesos estabelecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional dos Estados Unidos (NIOSH). O descascamento era realizado com um descascador acoplado na tomada de força de um trator. O abastecimento da mesa receptora de madeira era feito por dois ajudantes. Um terceiro direcionava as toras para o interior do descascador e um quarto recebia as toras descascadas e as direcionava para o solo. Os dados dos pesos manuseados foram obtidos com uma célula de cargas. As distâncias da carga ao corpo, ângulos, deslocamentos e freqüências foram obtidos por medições diretas e um estudo de tempos. As análises foram feitas de acordo com o método do NIOSH. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o maior peso manuseado pelos ajudantes de descascamento foi encontrado na alimentação do descascador, correspondendo a uma média de 20,3 kgf de peso por tora empurrada. A alta freqüência de alimentação por minuto inviabilizou a realização da operação dessa forma, levando a um limite recomendado de pesos igual a zero

VISIBILITY AND POSTURE OF OPERATORS IN HARVESTERS WITH LATERAL AND FRONT COUPLING CRANES

In mechanized timber harvesting operations, it is possible to verify ergonomic inadequacies, such as poor visibility and inappropriate postures, which can cause risks to the safety and health of workers, with effects on the operational performance of the machines. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the positioning of the coupling crane in harvesters concerning the visibility and postures of forestry operators. For this, the study was carried out in clear-cutting operations in eucalyptus stands, evaluating a harvester with a frontal coupling crane and another with lateral coupling, as well as operators per machine. To determine effective times and typical postures, filming and freezing of images were performed. Then, the Skogforsk and Rapid Upper-Limb Assessment (RULA) methods were used to assess visibility and posture, respectively. Angulation and posture data were compared between machines by the Student's t test. Front and side visibility remained within acceptable limits, but the side crane harvester required operators to have an average head tilt angle of 15º, 50% higher than with the front crane. Consequently, in the postural evaluation, the one with the lateral crane presented score 3 and action level 2 86% of the time, suggesting further investigations, while the other presented score 2 and action level 1 81% of the time, being acceptable if not maintained or repeated for long periods. Therefore, the positioning of the crane coupling on the machine requires a reorganization of the workstation, mainly the machine's display

Evaluation of forest fire volunteer brigades in conservation units

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as condições de trabalho e o nível de treinamento das brigadas voluntárias de prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais do Jardim Botânico de Brasília, da Reserva Ecológica do IBGE e da fazenda Água Limpa da Universidade de Brasília. Os estudos foram realizados no primeiro semestre de 2000 na sede das três brigadas, localizadas nas respectivas Unidades de Conservação, tendo como metodologia o emprego de questionários e entrevistas com os brigadistas e coordenadores. O conjunto de dados foi analisado para as três brigadas, mostrando que o melhor nível de treinamento e satisfação dos brigadistas foi encontrado na brigada da Reserva Ecológica do IBGE e o pior, na brigada da fazenda Água Limpa da UnB. As três brigadas não contam com equipamentos de proteção individual para todos os brigadistas, faltando também equipamentos de combate e ferramentas. Nenhuma brigada dispõe de máquinas para manutenção de estradas e aceiros. Somente a brigada da Reserva Ecológica do IBGE conta com caminhão-pipa para ações de combate. A brigada da fazenda Água Limpa foi a que apresentou maior participação em campanhas educativas junto às comunidades do entorno. Pode-se concluir que, de maneira geral, as brigadas apresentaram bom nível de capacitação e treinamento, demonstrando que apesar da limitação de equipamentos e ferramentas têm conseguido debelar pequenos focos de incêndios florestais. O problema mais grave verificado nas três brigadas foi a falta de equipamentos de proteção individual para todos participantes de ações de combate, gerando riscos de acidentes.The objective of this study was to determine the working conditions and training level of forest fire volunteers of the Jardim Botânico de Brasília, IBGE Ecological Reserve and Água Limpa Farm, Universidade de Brasília. The study was carried out during the first semester of 2000 on the headquarters of the three brigades located in each Conservation Unit. The methodology consisted in applying questionnaires and interviews to the brigadiers and their coordinators. The data set was analyzed for the three brigades, with the best training level and brigadier satisfaction being found at the IBGE Ecological Reserve, and the worst at the UnB’s Água Limpa Farm. No individual protection equipment was available to the forest fire fighters and the number of forest fire fighting equipments and tools was not sufficient. No road maintenance machines were at the disposal of the brigades. Only the IBGE Ecological Reserve Brigade was supplied with a pipe truck for forest fire fighting. Água Limpa farm Brigade had the greatest participation in educational campaigns at the nearby communities. It was concluded that all the brigades have a good training and skill level and despite the limitation of tools and equipments, they are able to fight small forest fires. The worst problem found was the lack of individual protection during forest fire fighting, what may cause accidents

Produtos Florestais Não Madeireiros: Importância e Manejo Sustentável da Floresta

 A extração de produtos florestais não madeireiros no Brasil tem apresentado, a cada dia, grande importância social, econômica e ambiental, já que atua prioritariamente em pequenas propriedades e preserva parte importante da biodiversidade das florestas nativas. No entanto, as políticas públicas e o desenvolvimento científico devem estar voltados para disponibilizar, a estes projetos de extração, meios que permitam a manutenção de suas atividades sem que haja comprometimento de sua viabilidade e sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é reunir e discutir as informações a respeito dos produtos florestais não madeireiros em relação sua importância e seu potencial

MAPPING THE RISK OF FOREST FIRES IN THE RIO PRETO NATIONAL FOREST IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST

The Atlantic Forest biome is annually exposed to forest fires that damage thousands of hectares of forest, promote the formation of forest fragments, the destruction of biodiversity, soil compaction, runoff and silting of water bodies. Thus, the prediction and suppression of fire outbreaks are important to minimize the damage caused by fire. In this sense, this study aimed to analyze and model the risk of forest fires occurring in the Rio Preto National Forest and its buffer zone using the Fuzzy artificial intelligence technique. To do so, the land use and occupation, proximity to roads, slope and relief orientation variables were used to compose the model. Thus, the influence of each variable on burning episodes was determined with the aid of geographic information systems (GIS), as well as the spatial distribution of each of the risk classes (very low, low, moderate and high). a historical series of fires between the years 2010 and 2020 was used to perform a comparative analysis of the model. The results showed that the study area does not present worrisome risks regarding the occurrence of fires, since it is mostly covered by very low and low risk classes. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of Fuzzy modeling enables evaluating the spatial distribution of fire risk classes for the protected area areas, for which the proposed comparative analysis indicated the model’s effectiveness

AVALIAÇÃO TÉCNICA E ECONÔMICA DO CORTE DE MADEIRA DE PINUS COM CABEÇOTE HARVESTER EM DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES OPERACIONAIS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar técnica e economicamente as atividades de corte de madeira de pinus em diferentes condições operacionais, utilizando-se harvester de esteiras com cabeçote processador LogMax 7000. A avaliação técnica consistiu em um estudo de tempos e movimentos, sendo obtida a produtividade e a eficiência operacional. A avaliação econômica baseou-se na determinação dos custos operacional e de produção. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e três repetições. Os resultados mostraram que o elemento que consumiu a maior parte do tempo do ciclo operacional foi o processamento da madeira, com aproximadamente 55% do tempo total em todas as condições operacionais avaliadas. As interrupções consumiram aproximadamente 20% do tempo total. Os valores de produtividade e eficiência operacional da máquina em todas as diferentes condições estudadas foram semelhantes, pelo teste de Tukey, no nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os custos operacional e de produção médios do harvester de esteiras foi de US$115,72/hora efetiva de trabalho e de US$ 3,56/m3, respectivamente.The objective of this study was to evaluate technical and economic pinus wood cutting in different operational conditions, using a harvester with headstock LogMax 7000. The technical evaluation consisted in motion and time study obtaining the productivity and operational efficiency. The economic evaluation was based on production and operational cost determination. The experimental design was complete randomized, with three treatments and three repetitions. The results showed that the logs processing activity consumed most of the operational time, approximately 55% of the total cycle time in all operational condition evaluated. The interruption consumed approximately 20% of the total cycle time. The productivity and efficiency operational value of the machine in all different operational conditions evaluated were similar, by the Tukey test, at the level of 5% of probability. The production and operational costs of the track harvester were US$115,72 per effective worked hour and the US$ 3,56 per cubic meters, respectively

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF WORK ACCIDENTS IN BRAZILIAN WOOD PRODUCT MANUFACTURING

Wood product manufacturing involves many dangerous activities and a high incidence of work-related accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze registered and unregistered work accidents, as well as the most frequent type and rate increase over the years for different activities of wood product manufacture in Brazil. Total accidents were counted including both unregistered and registered accidents. The accidents were classified as either a typical accident, a commuting accident or occupational diseases. Evaluated production was subdivided into sawmill operations, manufacture of laminated wood and plywood, wood-derived pressed and agglomerated sheets, and furniture with a predominance of wood. Wood production presented 2,849,470 direct jobs. For the furniture manufacturing sub-sector, there was an increase in the growth rate for direct jobs. However, there was a greater number of total accidents and an increase in the rate of number of accidents over time. For sawmills and the manufacture of laminated wood and slabs, there was a decreasing trend in the rate of direct jobs and accidents. Of the total number of accidents, more than 20% were not reported. The primary accident incidence was the typical accident (88.3%), followed by commuting accidents (9.5%) and lastly occupational diseases (2.1%)

ANALYSIS OF FUEL CONSUMPTION SENSITIVITY IN FORESTRY ROAD TRANSPORT

The objective of this work was to analyze how the variation of traveled distance, operational speed, journey time and net cargo transported influence the fuel consumption of vehicles in forest road transport. The data were collected in this operation, covering the area between the regions of Campo do Tenente (forest unit) and Piên (industrial unit), in the state of Paraná. We analyzed the partial elements, loaded trip and empty trip, as well as the total transport cycle (loading, unloading and travel). Using the same mechanical tractor, two vehicular compositions were studied, an articulated vehicle (truck tractor + semitrailer + trailer) and a conjugated vehicle (truck tractor + semitrailer). The vehicle telemetric system was used to perform the data collection of travel time, traveled distance, speed average and fuel consumption of the both vehicles. The results showed that the higher fuel consumption occurred in the loaded trips for longer distances. The sensitivity of fuel consumption was mostly influenced by was traveled distance, so it is recommended the use of vehicles of less load capacity for shorter distances

Fatores econômicos relacionados à intervenção na vegetação para a implantação de linhas de transmissão no estado de Rondônia.

The study was made on an electric energy transmission line between the cities of Ji-Paraná and Pimenta Bueno, in the State of Rondônia. The objective was to quantify the economic factors related to the suppression of vegetation by traditional and selective methods. The selective method cost was estimated according to the number of individuals per hectare, the area of intervention and the cost of felled trees. The total cost of the traditional method was determined by the area of intervention and by the cost of deforested hectares. The transposal of a fragment with the use of seven 55m towers, with no intervention in the vegetation, generates an increase of only 2,8% on the total cost, if compared to the cost of employing seven 35m towers plus the costs of a selective intervention in the vegetation. In the selective method, the number of individuals per hectare is the most important variable because it indicates directly the value to be wasted with the felling of trees. The traditional method will grow out of use because it does not offer big advantages in tecnicals envairomentals and economics terms.A pesquisa foi realizada em uma linha de transmissão de energia elétrica entre as cidades de Ji-Paraná e Pimenta Bueno, no estado de Rondônia. O objetivo foi quantificar os fatores econômicos relacionados à supressão da vegetação pelos métodos tradicional e seletivo. O custo do método seletivo foi estimado com base no número de indivíduos por hectare, da área de intervenção e do custo por árvore abatida. O custo total do método tradicional foi determinado pela área de intervenção e pelo custo do hectare desflorestado. A transposição de um fragmento com uso de sete torres de 55 m, sem-intervenção na vegetação, gera um acréscimo de apenas 2,8% no custo total, se comparado ao custo do uso de 7 torres de 35m somado aos custos de intervenção seletiva na vegetação. No método seletivo, o número de indivíduos, por hectare, é a variável mais importante, pois indica diretamente o valor a ser gasto com abate de árvores. O método tradicional deve entrar em desuso por não oferecer grandes vantagens em termos técnicos, ambientais e econômicos

Evaluation of the physical efforts applied by workers in harvesting operations of maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) leaves

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical efforts applied by workers in harvesting operations of maté leaves, aiming at the improvement of their health, well-being, safety, comfort and productivity. It was carried out in farms, located in the central-southern region of Parana State. The data was collected by survey of the cardiac frequency during work using a Polar Oy monitor and classified in categories as proposed by Apud (1997). The results indicated that the majority of the activities of the maté leaves harvesting is classified as a moderately heavy physical effort. Some ergonomic recommendations were made in order to prevent physical strain on the workers.Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o esforço físico despendido por trabalhadores nas atividades de colheita de erva-mate, na busca de melhorias nas condições de saúde, bem-estar, segurança, conforto e produtividade do trabalhador. Foi realizada em propriedades rurais localizadas na região centro-sul do estado do Paraná. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do levantamento da freqüência cardíaca no trabalho, com uso de um monitor Polar Oy e classificação do trabalho segundo metodologia proposta por Apud (1997). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das atividades da colheita de erva-mate é classificada como de exigência física moderadamente pesada. Foram recomendadas algumas medidas ergonômicas no trabalho, com o objetivo de prevenir desgastes físicos dos trabalhadores