Diretiva (UE) 2018/2001 : repensando a regulamentação para conciliar as alterações climáticas e a energia

The purpose of this dissertation is to assess whether Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 has the appropriate framework to lead the European Union in the right direction to fulfil its international climate obligations and its internal energy market commitments with a view to sustainable development. The paradigm chosen for this analysis is the theory of reflexive regulation, which has been used in other studies to address the dynamic and complex universe of energy sector regulation in the context of climate change and sustainable development. Based on bibliographical review and case study, this dissertation, after a brief introduction of the subject, apart from the conclusion, is divided into three main chapters. The second chapter takes a factual and legal approach to the main issues needed to understand the problem: climate change, energy, and the law pertaining thereto. The third chapter presents the theory of reflexive regulation and discusses its concept and history. At the same time it provides a critical synthesis of the theory, describing its relevance as an analytical parameter. The fourth chapter analyses the Directive itself. After a brief reference to its history and the legislation that preceded it, the Directive is analysed from the perspective of the theory of reflexive regulation, in order to understand the extent of its existence within it. Finally, on the fifth chapter, we conclude that the European Union has played its part in publishing the Directive to promote renewable energies, with a view to mitigating climate change and modifying its energy system in search of a more responsible future. In fact, by opting for a predominantly reflexive regulation, the European Union has allowed the adequate framework to bring about the necessary changes. Indeed, reflexive regulation provides the needed flexibility to deal with energy issues from the perspective of climate change and sustainable development. However, the publication of the Directive on its own is not enough to bring about the desired changes, since substantive transformation in the energy sector, towards a greater use of renewables, depends on a series of factors that go beyond the simple act of legislating.O objetivo da presente dissertação é avaliar a Diretiva (UE) 2018/2001 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 11 de dezembro de 2018 a fim de verificar se esta conduz a União Europeia na direção adequada ao cumprimento dos seus compromissos climáticos internacionais e dos seus objetivos no âmbito do mercado interno, numa perspetiva de desenvolvimento sustentável. O paradigma escolhido para a análise é a teoria da regulamentação reflexiva que tem sido utilizada noutros estudos para abordar o universo dinâmico e complexo da regulamentação do setor energético no contexto das alterações climáticas e do desenvolvimento sustentável. Com base em revisão bibliográfica e estudo de jurisprudência, a presente dissertação, após uma breve introdução ao tema, divide-se em três capítulos principais, para além da conclusão. O segundo capítulo faz uma abordagem factual e jurídica das principais questões necessárias ao entendimento do problema: as alterações climáticas, a energia e o direito que lhes diz respeito. O terceiro capítulo introduz a teoria da regulamentação reflexiva e discute seu conceito e histórico. Ao mesmo tempo, apresenta uma síntese crítica e indica sua relevância como parâmetro analítico. O quarto capítulo analisa a própria Diretiva. Após uma breve referência à sua história e à legislação que a precedeu, a diretiva é analisada à luz da teoria da regulamentação reflexiva, a fim de compreender o alcance da sua existência. Por fim, no quinto capítulo, conclui-se que a União Europeia cumpriu o seu papel ao publicar a Diretiva para a promoção das energias renováveis, com vista a mitigar as alterações climáticas e a modificar o seu sistema energético, em busca de um futuro mais responsável. De facto, ao optar por uma regulamentação predominantemente reflexiva, a União Europeia proporcionou o enquadramento adequado para a realização das alterações necessárias. Com efeito, a regulamentação reflexiva proporciona a flexibilidade necessária para lidar com as questões energéticas na perspetiva das alterações climáticas e do desenvolvimento sustentável. No entanto, a publicação da diretiva, por si só, não é suficiente para provocar as transformações desejadas, uma vez que uma transformação substancial no sector da energia, no sentido de uma maior utilização das energias renováveis, depende de uma série de factores que ultrapassam o simples ato de legislar

Fine structure of the age-chromospheric activity relation in solar-type stars I: The Ca II infrared triplet: Absolute flux calibration

Strong spectral lines are useful indicators of stellar chromospheric activity. They are physically linked to the convection efficiency, differential rotation, and angular momentum evolution and are a potential indicator of age. However, for ages > 2 Gyr, the age-activity relationship remains poorly constrained thus hampering its full application. The Ca II infrared triplet (IRT lines) has been poorly studied compared to classical chromospheric indicators. We report in this paper absolute chromospheric fluxes in the three Ca II IRT lines, based on a new calibration tied to up-to-date model atmospheres. We obtain the Ca II IRT absolute fluxes for 113 FGK stars from high signal-to-noise ratio and high-resolution spectra covering an extensive domain of chromospheric activity levels. We perform an absolute continuum flux calibration for the Ca II IRT lines anchored in atmospheric models calculated as an explicit function of effective temperatures, metallicity, and gravities avoiding the degeneracy present in photometric continuum calibrations based solely on color indices. The internal uncertainties achieved for continuum absolute flux calculations are 2\% of the solar chromospheric flux, one order of magnitude lower than photometric calibrations. We gauge the impact of observational errors on the final chromospheric fluxes due to the absolute continuum flux calibration and find that $T_{\rm eff}$ uncertainties are properly mitigated by the photospheric correction leaving [Fe/H] as the dominating factor in the chromospheric flux uncertainty. Across the FGK spectral types, the Ca II IRT lines are sensitive to chromospheric activity. The reduced internal uncertainties reported here enable us to build a new chromospheric absolute flux scale and explore the age-activity relation from the active regime down to very low activity levels and a wide range of $T_{\rm eff}$, mass, [Fe/H], and age.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables, Accepted for publication on A&A. Abstract edited to comply with arXiv standards regarding the number of character

The risk assumption in law: a semiotics approach

[Abstract] In this article, the notion of accident for Greimasian Semiotics is discussed as proposed by Eric Landowski in his Interactions risquées (2005). The object of investigation includes civil and criminal proceedings and jurisprudence, using accidents that occurred in society as starting points. Semiotics conceptualization of accident includes the unpredictability, chance and risk lexemes. Thus, the main objective of this work is to verify how these elements are understood and assumed by the Judicial Area, as in jurisprudence, in civil and criminal proceedings. In other words, the objective of this paper is to investigate whether (or how) unpredictability, chance and risk constitute an integral part of the fiduciary contract between the sender and the addressee. In regards to this issue, there is in Law, two opposing principles: pacta sunt servanda and rebus sic stantibus. In the former, the judge rules that unpredictability be assumed by the party to contract and determines that the unpredictability burden must be assumed by the party to contract. In this case, unpredictability is part of the fiduciary contract between the sender and the addressee. In the latter, the judge rules that unpredictability should not be assumed by the parties to hire: it does not belong to the fiduciary contract. For Semiotics it is important to know how the accident and its unpredictability are understood and assumed differently by the Judiciary. Therefore, the objective here is to explain how the judicial area conceptualizes and understands risk, the random element and the accident. This is fundamental for a deep understanding and the development of reflections on the accident regime proposed by Eric Landowski

Representaciones de usuarios, familiares y profesionales acerca de un centro de atención psicosocial

A partir das mudanças na política de saúde mental, surgiram várias inquietações no que diz respeito ao significado constituído por usuários, familiares e profissionais sobre os Centros de Atenção Psicossociais (CAPS). Este estudo tem como objetivo: Conhecer representações que usuários, familiares e profissionais construíram acerca de um CAPS no Município do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa foi realizada com usuários, familiares e profissionais. Seguiu o caminho teórico-metodológico da Teoria Ego-Ecológica, de Marisa Zavalloni. Observou-se que os entrevistados percebem o CAPS através do modelo psicossocial e associam o serviço à redução do número de internações, à inclusão da família e da sociedade no tratamento e à manutenção da liberdade. Os profissionais ressaltam a importância do papel político do CAPS no movimento da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Os profissionais sentem-se pressionados a dar conta da demanda em uma realidade pública caótica que não fornece condições de trabalho, gerando sobrecarga, insegurança e limitações ao trabalho.From the changes in the mental health policies, several questions concerning the conceptions of users, relatives and professionals about a day-care units came up. This paper aims at: knowing the representations that users, relatives and professionals constructed about a day-care unit in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The research was made among users, relatives and professionals and was methodologically based on the Ego-ecologic theory by Marisa Zavalloni. We could notice that people who were interviewed perceived the day-care unit by a psychosocial model in which they associate the unit to the reduction of the number of admissions, the inclusion of the family and society members in the course of treatment, and the preservation of liberty. The professionals reassure that the importance of the political part of the day-care unit in the movement of psychiatric reformation. The professionals feel pressed to deal with the demand of a chaotic public reality that does not offer support to work, resulting in work overload, insecurity and limitations.A partir de los cambios en la política de salud mental, surgieron varias inquietudes respecto al significado constituido por usuarios, familiares y profesionales sobre los Centros de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS). Este estudio tiene como objetivo: Conocer representaciones que usuarios, familiares y profesionales construyeron acerca de un CAPS en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. La investigación fue realizada con usuarios, familiares y profesionales. Siguió el camino teórico-metodológico de la Teoría Ego-Ecológica de Marisa Zavalloni. Fue observado que los entrevistados perciben el CAPS a través del modelo psicosocial, y asocian el servicio a la reducción del número de internaciones, la inclusión de la familia y de la sociedad en el tratamiento, la manutención de la libertad. Los profesionales destacan la importancia del papel político del CAPS en el movimiento de la Reforma Psiquiátrica. Los profesionales se sienten presionados a dar cuenta de la demanda en una realidad pública caótica que no fornece condiciones de trabajo, generando sobrecarga, inseguridad y limitaciones al trabajo

Consistent metallicity scale for cool dwarfs and giants. A benchmark test using the Hyades

In several instances chemical abundances of dwarf and giant stars are used simultaneously under the assumption that they share the same abundance scale. This assumption might have implications in different astrophysical contexts. We aim to ascertain a methodology capable of producing a consistent metallicity scale for giants and dwarfs. To achieve that, we analyzed giants and dwarfs in the Hyades open cluster. All these stars have archival high-resolution spectroscopic data obtained with HARPS and UVES. In addition, the giants have interferometric measurements of the angular diameters. We analyzed the sample with two methods. The first method constrains the atmospheric parameters independently from spectroscopy. For that we present a novel calibration of microturbulence based on 3D model atmospheres. The second method is the classical spectroscopic based on Fe lines. We also tested two line lists in an attempt to minimize possible non-LTE effects and to optimize the treatment of the giants. We show that it is possible to obtain a consistent metallicity scale between dwarfs and giants. The preferred method should constrain the three parameters $T_{\rm eff}$, $\log~g$, and $\xi$ independent of spectroscopy. In particular, the lines should be chosen to be free of blends in the spectra of giants. When attention is paid to the line list, the classical spectroscopic method can also produce consistent results. The metallicities derived with the well-constrained set of stellar parameters are consistent independent of the line list used. Therefore, for this cluster we favor the metallicity of +0.18$\pm$0.03 dex obtained with this method. The classical spectroscopic analysis, using the line list optimized for the giants, provides a metallicity of +0.14$\pm$0.03 dex, in agreement with previous works.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, 10 tables. Accepted for publication in A&

Longevity in family firms : Jerónimo Martins' case study

Mestrado em Ciências EmpresariaisMany family firms find it difficult to reach their fourth generation; nevertheless, these firms have some features that may help them to achieve success and longevity. This thesis tries to identify some critical issues that often prevent family companies to survive over time and tries to analyse how family company Jerónimo Martins could overcome obstacles and achieved success and longevity through a good management of the interference of the family sphere in the work sphere.Muitas empresas familiares têm dificuldade em atingir a quarta geração. No entanto, estas empresas têm algumas características que podem ajuda-las a alcançar o sucesso e a longevidade. Esta tese tenta identificar algumas questões críticas que muitas vezes impedem as empresas familiares de sobreviver ao longo do tempo e tenta analisar como a empresa familiar Jerónimo Martins conseguiu ultrapassar obstáculos e alcançar o sucesso e a longevidade através de uma boa gestão da interferência da esfera familiar na esfera do trabalho