14 research outputs found

    Development of a new ecotoxicological assay using the testate amoeba Euglypha rotunda (Rhizaria; Euglyphida) and assessment of the impact of the herbicide S-metolachlor.

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    An ever-increasing diversity of potentially toxic chemical compounds are being developed and released into the environment as a result of human activities (e.g. agriculture, drugs, and cosmetics). Among these, pesticides have been shown to affect non-targeted wildlife since the 1960s. A range of ecotoxicological tests are used to assess the toxicity of pesticides on various model organisms. However most model organisms are metazoans, while the majority of Eukaryotes are unicellular microorganisms known as protists. Protists are ubiquitous organisms of key functional roles in all ecosystems but are so far little studied with respect to pesticide impact. To fill this gap, we developed a new ecotoxicological test based on Euglypha rotunda, a common soil amoeba, grown in culture flask with Escherichia coli as sole food source. We tested this assay with the herbicide S-metolachlor, which is known to affect cell division in seedling shoots and roots of weeds. Reproducible growth conditions were obtained for E. rotunda. The growth of E. coli was not affected by the herbicide. The growth of E. rotunda was affected by the herbicide in a non-linear way, growth being significantly reduced at ca. 15 Όg/L, but not at 150 Όg/L. Our results show the potential for using soil protists in ecotoxicology and adds to the growing body of evidence for non-linear impacts of pesticides on non-target organisms. With the acquisition of additional data, the protocol should be suitable for standard ecotoxicological tests

    Rejets d'eaux de la ville de Lausanne par temps de pluie dans le lac Léman : retour sur l'utilisation d'une approche triadique pour évaluer leur influence sur la qualité des sédiments

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    National audienceLes rejets d'eaux urbaines par temps de pluie (i.e. dĂ©versoirs d'orage des rĂ©seaux unitaires et eaux de ruissellement des rĂ©seaux sĂ©paratifs) peuvent avoir des impacts non nĂ©gligeables sur les milieux aquatiques rĂ©cepteurs aquatiques. Cependant, il est difficile d'apprĂ©hender ces impacts en raison du caractĂšre alĂ©atoire des pluies et de la dynamique des polluants. En Suisse, l'approche STORM mise en pratique dans une directive du VSA a pour but d'aider Ă  rĂ©pondre Ă  cette problĂ©matique dans les petites riviĂšres. Cependant, une telle directive fait toujours dĂ©faut pour les grands cours d'eau et les lacs. Il est donc nĂ©cessaire d'acquĂ©rir des donnĂ©es afin d'alimenter la rĂ©flexion sur la possibilitĂ© d'Ă©largir cette directive pour ces systĂšmes. Dans ce contexte, cette Ă©tude visait Ă  Ă©valuer l'impact d'un dĂ©versoir d'orage important (Capelard, Lausanne) sur la qualitĂ© des sĂ©diments de la baie de Vidy (Lac LĂ©man) Ă  l'aide d'une approche triadique combinant la chimie, l'Ă©cotoxicologie et l'Ă©tude des communautĂ©s benthiques in situ. Pour ce faire, une grille d'Ă©chantillonnage composĂ©e de 15 sites a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©e dans le secteur de rejet des effluents du dĂ©versoir dans le lac. A chaque point, des Ă©chantillons de sĂ©diments ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s afin de pouvoir mesurer les concentrations en mĂ©taux et d'Ă©valuer la qualitĂ© Ă©cotoxicologique des sĂ©diments au laboratoire Ă  l'aide du test sur les ostracodes. En complĂ©ment Ă  cette approche, des mesures de concentrations en PCB et HAP, des tests sur chironomes, macrophytes et nĂ©matodes, ainsi que l'Ă©tude de la structure des communautĂ©s d'oligochĂštes et de la tolĂ©rance des communautĂ©s microbiennes induite par la pollution (PICT) ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s sur 6 sites dans le transect central de cette grille d'Ă©chantillonnage correspondant au prolongement du dĂ©versoir. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont montrĂ© que la contamination induite par les rejets d'eaux pluviales urbaines est importante Ă  proximitĂ© de l'exutoire et plus modĂ©rĂ©e sur les autres sites. Un ensemble de polluants composĂ©s principalement de cuivre, de zinc, de PCB et de HAP a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ© dans la zone proche de l'exutoire. Bien que les tests Ă©cotoxicologiques n'aient pas indiquĂ© de toxicitĂ© significative dans cette zone, l'Ă©tude des communautĂ©s in situ a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence d'espĂšces rĂ©sistantes Ă  la pollution parmi les oligochĂštes et les microorganismes benthiques. Pour les sites les plus Ă©loignĂ©s, les effets observĂ©s dans les sĂ©diments ne semblent pas ĂȘtre reliĂ©s directement aux rejets du dĂ©versoir. L'origine et la dynamique de la contamination nĂ©cessite encore des investigations complĂ©mentaires, en se basant notamment sur un modĂšle hydro-dynamique Ă©galement dĂ©veloppĂ© dans le cadre de cette Ă©tude. Globalement, cette Ă©tude ouvre la voie au dĂ©veloppement d'outils pratiques pour l'apprĂ©ciation des impacts des rejets pluviaux urbains dans les lacs

    Voies d'exposition potentielles et cinétiques d'accumulation pour des composés per- et poly-alkyl-fluorés chez un amphipode d'eau douce, le gammare (Crustacea)

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    International audienceGammarids were exposed to sediments from a deposition site located on the Rh^one River (France) downstream of a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant. Gammarids accumulated to various extents four long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from C9 to C13, one sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and three of its precursors (the perflurooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), the N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (MeFOSAA), the N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (EtFOSAA) and the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA). Whatever the compound, the steady state was not achieved after a 3-week exposure; elimination was almost complete after a 3-week depuration period for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), PFOS, the three precursors and the 6:2FTSA. However, this was not the case for long-chain PFCAs, whose elimination rates decreased with increasing chain length. PFAS accumulation in gammarids occurred via the trophic and respiratory pathways, in proportions varying with the carbon chain length and the terminal moiety

    Transfert de composés per- et poly-fluorés du sédiment au poisson

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    A previous study carried out in the context of the 'polychlorobiphenyl action plan' showed an increase of per- and polyfluoro-alkyl compounds (PFAS) concentrations in fish fillets from downstream of Lyon. PFAS are persistent chemicals, whose fate is quite distinct from 'classical' hydrophobic pollutants fate, thus justifying to study their distribution in the environment, as well as their bioaccumulation pathways. The current study aimed to better understand PFAS’s fate in the Rhone River, and in particular (i) to describe the uptake and elimination kinetics in two benthic invertebrates species, namely chironomid larvae (Chironomus riparius) and gammarids (Gammarus spp.), (ii) to assess the role of bottom sediment in accumulation processes, and (iii) to reconstruct the PFAS contamination history at a site downstream of Lyon (Ile du Beurre) by the mean of a sediment core. We established a spatial temporal profile of the PFAS sediment contamination, assessed PFAS concentrations in 3 cyprinid fish species, namely the barbel (Barbus barbus), the roach (Rutilus rutilus) and the gudgeon (Gobio gobio) as well as in their preys, and realized accumulation tests with chironomid larvae and gammarids exposed to Ile du Beurre sediments. Roach is generally less contaminated than the two other species, except for the perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Barbel is most often more contaminated than gudgeon, except for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) and the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2FTSA). Fish size, a proxy for fish age, has no influence on fish bioaccumulation of perfluoroundecanoic (PFUnDA) and perfluorotridecanoic (PFTrDA) acids, which are the most prominent compounds in Ile du Beurre sediments. On the other hand, young barbels are more contaminated by PFOS and PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid) than adults; this suggests a lower elimination capacity in young barbels. Barbels stomach contents reveal an important proportion of gammarids, while in gudgeons these contents are dominated by chironomids; as gammarids are more contaminated than chironomids in the field, this contributes to explaining while barbels accumulate PFAS more than gudgeons. Two different biomagnification indicators, namely biomagnification factors (BMFs) and trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were developed: BMFs were adjusted to trophic levels for predator-preys pairs, i.e. barbel-gammarid and gudgeon-chironomid, while TMFs were implemented only for barbels. PFUnDA, PFDoDA (perfluorododecanoĂŻc acid), PFTrDA, PFOS and FOSA (perfluorooctane sulfonamid) are clearly bioamagnified in barbels. These compounds are also biomagnified in gudgeons; PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonic acid) and PFDS are also biomagnified in gudgeons. BMFs tend to increase when the compounds number of perfluorinated carbons increase. In laboratory tests, accumulation and elimination of PFAS are rapid for chironomids exposed to Ile du Beurre sediments, and rather slow for gammarids, which did not reach the steady state in 21 days. The concentration dependency (active transport through membranes) was tested in chironomids with spiked sediments. Whereas this mechanism cannot be discarded for PFTrDA, it does not explain better the accumulated levels than simple diffusion. PFAS accumulation in both chironomids and gammarids is more important for compounds with 8 perfluorinated carbons or more, due to slower elimination kinetics, particularly for gammarids.Dans le contexte du Plan d’actions sur les polychlorobiphĂ©nyles, des composĂ©s per- et polyfluorĂ©s ont fait l’objet d’analyses dans la chair des poissons, montrant un accroissement notable des concentrations de plusieurs PFAS Ă  l’aval de Lyon. Les PFAS, composĂ©s trĂšs persistants, ont un comportement diffĂ©rent des micropolluants hydrophobes « classiques », justifiant de chercher Ă  mieux comprendre leur devenir et leurs voies de transfert dans les rĂ©seaux trophiques, le rĂŽle du sĂ©diment dans ce devenir, et les facteurs contrĂŽlant l’accumulation par les organismes. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude visait Ă  mieux comprendre le devenir des PFAS dans le RhĂŽne, et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment de documenter les cinĂ©tiques d’accumulation de quelques composĂ©s perfluorĂ©s pour deux espĂšces d’invertĂ©brĂ©s benthiques (larves de chironome, Chironomus riparius, et gammares, Gammarus spp.), d’évaluer le rĂŽle du sĂ©diment dans le processus d’accumulation, et de reconstituer l’historique de la contamination sur un site Ă  l’aval de Lyon (lĂŽne de l’Ile du Beurre) Ă  l’aide d’une carotte de sĂ©diment. Un profil temporel et spatial de la contamination des sĂ©diments a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tabli, la contamination de trois espĂšces de poissons (barbeau fluviatile, Barbus barbus, gardon, Rutilus rutilus, et goujon, Gobio gobio) et de leurs proies par une gamme d’une vingtaine de PFAS a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©e, et des essais d’accumulation de ces PFAS au laboratoire Ă  partir du sĂ©diment de l’Ile du Beurre ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec des larves de chironomes et des gammares. Le gardon est gĂ©nĂ©ralement moins contaminĂ© que les deux autres espĂšces, sauf pour l’acide perfluorooctane sulfonique (PFOS). Le barbeau est en gĂ©nĂ©ral plus contaminĂ© que le goujon, sauf pour le PFOS, le perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), le perfluorodĂ©cane sulfonate (PFDS) et l’acide 6:2 fluorotĂ©lomĂšre sulfonique (6:2FTSA). L’influence de la taille (proxy de l’ñge) sur l’accumulation des composĂ©s dominants dans les sĂ©diments de l’Ile du Beurre (acides perfluoroundĂ©canoĂŻque - PFUnDA et perfluorotridĂ©canoĂŻque PFTrDA) n’a pas Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence. En revanche, pour le PFOS et le PFNA (acide perfluorononanoĂŻque), les barbeaux juvĂ©niles sont plus contaminĂ©s que les individus plus gros et plus ĂągĂ©s, ce qui suggĂšre une moindre capacitĂ© Ă  les Ă©liminer chez les juvĂ©niles. Le contenu stomacal des barbeaux comprend une forte proportion de gammares, celui des goujons est dominĂ© par les chironomes, ce qui contribue Ă  expliquer les diffĂ©rences de contamination entre espĂšces. Deux types d’indicateur de bioamplification ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s, facteur de bioamplification (BMF) ajustĂ© au niveau trophique pour des couples prĂ©dateur-proie constituĂ©s de barbeaugammares et goujon-chironomes, et des facteurs d’amplification trophique (TMF), dĂ©terminĂ©s pour le rĂ©seau trophique du barbeau. PFUnDA, PFDoDA (acide perfluorododĂ©canoĂŻque), le PFTrDA, PFOS et FOSA (perfluorooctane sulfonamide) sont clairement bioamplifiĂ©s chez le barbeau. Chez le goujon, les mĂȘmes composĂ©s, plus PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS (acide perfluorohexane sulfonique) et PFDS sont Ă©galement bioamplifiĂ©s. Les BMF tendent Ă  augmenter quand le nombre de carbones perfluorĂ©s des composĂ©s augmente. Lors de tests en laboratoire, l’accumulation et l’élimination des PFAS du sĂ©diment de l’Ile du Beurre sont rapides chez le chironome, et plus lentes chez le gammare oĂč l’état stable n’était pas atteint en 21 jours. L’hypothĂšse d’une dĂ©pendance Ă  la concentration, ou transport actif de ces composĂ©s lors de l’accumulation, a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©e chez le chironome Ă  l’aide d’un test sur sĂ©diment enrichi. Si ce mĂ©canisme ne peut ĂȘtre exclu pour le PFTrDA, il n’explique pas mieux l’accumulation que la diffusion simple. L’accumulation, chez le chironome et le gammare, est plus importante pour les composĂ©s Ă  longue chaĂźne perfluorĂ©e (C8), notamment en raison de cinĂ©tiques d’élimination plus lentes, notamment chez le gammare

    Vers un outil simple pour évaluer les effets fonctionnels des contaminants sur les communautés microbiennes et d'invertébrés des sédiments

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    International audienceSediments play a critical role in biogeochemical cycling and in the maintenance of the biodiversity. They are natural sinks for many contaminants which can accumulate over time and impact exposed communities, thereby disturbing the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. However, knowledge about the functional effects of contaminants on benthic communities is scarce and there is a need of ecosystem functioning indicators of ecotoxicological impacts. In the present microcosm study, we assessed the individual and combined effects of Cu and As (40 mg kg dw-1 each, 21 days of exposure) on the capacity of natural micro- and macro-organism communities from an uncontaminated river sediment to consume and decompose particulate organic matter using the bait lamina method (ISO 18311) as well as artificial tablets consisting of cellulose, bran flakes and active coal embedded in an agar matrix. The sediment toxicity was also evaluated using the standardized ostracod toxicity test (ISO 14371:2012). The two tested substrates (i.e. bait lamina and artificial tablets) showed similar results with low effects of As on feeding activity and organic matter breakdown whereas Cu demonstrated a strongest functional effect. When the two metals were combined, a total functional inhibition was observed, whatever the kind of substrate. The ostracod toxicity test also showed high toxicity of Cu-spiked and mixture-spiked sediments and low toxicity of As-spiked sediments. Our results highlight the relevance of artificial organic matter substrates to assess the functional effects of contaminants on sediment micro- and macro-organism communities, opening new perspectives to assess the functional integrity of contaminated sediments

    Cycle du mercure et du methylmercure entre les sédiments et la colonne d'eau au cours d'une marée dans la lagune de Venise (Italie)

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    International audienceThe sediment of Venice Lagoon regularly undergoes complex redistribution due to tidal forcing, which affects the cycling of contaminants such asmercury (Hg) between the sediment and thewater column. We examined the dis-tribution of total Hg (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) in the water column, sediment and pore-water at two sites: VE1 (located in a depositional area adjacent to salt marshes) and VE2 corresponding to a moderately erosive, open area. We obtained instantaneous (using cores and micro-needle samplers) and time-integrated (using peepers) concentrations of the two mercury species in both dissolved and particulate forms. THg and MMHg concentrations were higher in the sediments at site VE1 (621.9±213.7 ng g−1 and 1.25±0.63 ng g−1 for THg and MMHg, respectively) than in those of the site VE2 (386.9±92.7 ng g−1 and 0.53±0.30 ng g−1). Hg concentrations in sedimentswere positively correlatedwith silts and organicmatter content. Over two tidal cycles, the concentrations of THg and MMHg varied with the evolution of the tides. During the tidal !ooding, both THg and MMHg peaked at the sediment–water interface and a moderate increase of dissolved MMHg was also ob- served in thewater column. These !uctuationswere observed during both tides and are suggestively related to ad-vection of mercury species from sur"cial sediment pore-water to the water column and to desorption from suspended particles. The short-term increase in MMHg concentrations can result from in situ production, release from organicmatter degradation, or from oxidative dissolution of redox-sensitive sul"de minerals and iron oxide reduction by micro-organisms; the two latter mechanisms being favored by redox oscillations in the surface sed-iment layers due to the tidal forcing. The decrease of both dissolved THg and MMHg concentrations at the sedi-ment–water interface after high tide was attributed to a rapid adsorption onto particles. THg concentrations on suspended particles showed little variations during the tidal cycle with a minor peak at tide maximum, while MMHg concentrations on suspended particles slightly increased during ebb tide. MMHg concentrations on sus-pended particleswere double than those in surface sediments, suggesting that tidal !ushingmay enhance dispers-al of particle bound MMHg throughout the lagoon

    Utilisation de substrats organiques artificiels pour évaluer les effets fonctionnels de métaux sur des communautés naturelles de sédiments (microorganismes et invertébrés)

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    International audienceBenthic ecosystems are important areas both in terms of biodiversity and functioning. They are receiving direct or indirect inputs from the water column or from the watershed and may therefore be accumulating zones for contaminants. Many benthic and epibenthic organisms may be exposed to these substances, with as consequences, disruption of ecological traits and functions at the ecosystem level such as changes in benthic community structure and ecosystem functioning. However, knowledge about the ecotoxicological effects of accumulated contaminants at the benthic community level is scarce. Accordingly, the present study aimed at assessing the functional impact of chronic exposure to environmental concentrations of metals on natural sediment communities. We evaluate the usefulness of assessing/studying feeding activity and organic matter breakdown as endpoints, using two kinds of artificial organic matter substrates

    Surveillance de la qualité des sédiments en Suisse : Etat actuel des méthodes disponibles et mise en place de recommandations

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    National audienceLe sĂ©diment constitue un compartiment dynamique et essentiel dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes aquatiques. Il joue un rĂŽle important pour de nombreux animaux et vĂ©gĂ©taux en tant qu’habitat ou site de ponte. Cependant, il prĂ©sente la caractĂ©ristique d’adsorber des polluants, pouvant ĂȘtre toxiques pour les organismes, et agissant alors comme un rĂ©servoir et une source secondaire de contamination Ă  long-terme. Sa surveillance est donc nĂ©cessaire pour protĂ©ger l’intĂ©gritĂ© Ă©cologique des Ă©cosystĂšmes aquatiques
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