Estudios de las políticas públicas y del tercer sector en Guatemala.

665 p.El trabajo está estructurado en cuatro capítulos, además de la introducción y conclusiones. El primero («La realidad guatemalteca en el primer cuarto del siglo XXI») expone la realidad del país desde los panoramas demográfico, político, económico, social y ambiental, concluyendo con un breve estudio de las élites guatemaltecas, que han jugado un papel tan determinante en el desarrollo nacional. El segundo, titulado «políticas públicas y presupuesto», aborda el estudio de las políticas públicas y del presupuesto desde una perspectiva general para, en una segunda parte, concentrarse en el estudio de las políticas públicas y presupuesto guatemaltecos.El capítulo tercero, titulado «Del Estado de Bienestar al Tercer Sector», se ha dividido en dos partes. La primera dedicada al Estado de Bienestar, la crisis actual y su futuro, centrándose la segunda parte en el conocimiento de lo que se ha dado en llamar Tercer Sector, con todas sus particularidades, para terminar con la mención de algunos supuestos de Tercer Sector y voluntariado en el derecho comparado. «El Tercer Sector y su tratamiento fiscal en Guatemala», es el cuarto capítulo, que se divide en dos partes. La primera, aborda el estudio de las entidades que integran el Tercer Sector en Guatemala; y la segunda, antes de abordar su tratamiento fiscal en el país, con referencia a todos los tributos que le afectan, analiza los principales problemas que padece el sector fiscal guatemalteco

Evaluación sobre la heurística de la empleabilidad, la calidad y la docencia en inglés en los estudios de geografía y medio ambiente de la UCM

Depto. de GeografíaFac. de Geografía e HistoriaFALSEsubmitte

Educación Ambiental a través de la realización de Itinerarios Turísticos en la Red de Parques Nacionales. Una aproximación Geográfica

Depto. de GeografíaFac. de Geografía e HistoriaFALSEsubmitte

Validity of Virtual Reality Body Exposure to Elicit Fear of Gaining Weight, Body Anxiety and Body-Related Attentional Bias in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

Fear of gaining weight (FGW), body image disturbances, associated anxiety and body-related attentional bias are the core symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN) and play critical roles in its development and maintenance. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the usefulness of virtual reality-based body exposure software for the assessment of important body-related cognitive and emotional responses in AN. Thirty female patients with AN, one of them subclinical, and 43 healthy college women, 25 with low body dissatisfaction (BD) and 18 with high BD, owned a virtual body that had their silhouette and body mass index. Full-body illusion (FBI) over the virtual body was induced using both visuo-motor and visuo-tactile stimulation. Once the FBI was induced, the FBI itself, FGW, body anxiety and body-related attentional bias toward weight-related and non-weight-related body areas were assessed. One-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age, showed that AN patients reported higher FGW, body anxiety and body-related attentional bias than healthy controls. Unexpectedly, patients with AN reported significantly lower FBI levels than healthy participants. Finally, Pearson correlations showed significant relationships between visual analog scales and body-related attentional bias measures, compared to other eating disorder measures. These results provide evidence about the usefulness of virtual reality-based body exposure to elicit FGW and other body-related disturbances in AN patients. Thus, it may be a suitable intervention for reducing these emotional responses and for easing weight recovery

Investigación y enseñanza telemática en medio ambiente y geografía en el aula. Una aplicación desde el ámbito de las nuevas tecnologías, en el estudio del tercer paisaje

Depto. de GeografíaFac. de Geografía e HistoriaFALSEsubmitte

AN-VR-BE. A randomized controlled trial for reducing fear of gaining weight and other eating disorder symptoms in anorexia nervosa through virtual reality-based body exposure

In vivo body exposure therapy is considered an effective and suitable intervention to help patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) reduce their body image disturbances (BIDs). However, these interventions have notable limitations and cannot effectively reproduce certain fears usually found in AN, such as the fear of gaining weight (FGW). The latest developments in virtual reality (VR) technology and embodiment-based procedures could overcome these limitations and allow AN patients to confront their FGW and BIDs. This study aimed to provide further evidence of the efficacy of an enhanced (by means of embodiment) VR-based body exposure therapy for the treatment of AN. Thirty-five AN patients (16 in the experimental group, 19 in the control group) participated in the study. FGW, BIDs, and other body-related and ED measures were assessed before and after the intervention and three months later. The experimental group received treatment as usual (TAU) and five additional sessions of VR-based body exposure therapy, while the control group received only TAU. After the intervention, ED symptoms were clearly reduced in both groups, with most of the changes being more noticeable in the experimental group. Specifically, after the intervention and at follow-up, significant group differences were found in the FGW and BIDs, with the experimental group showing significantly lower values than the control group. The current study provides new insights and encouraging findings in the field of exposure-based therapies in AN. VR technology might improve research and clinical practice in AN by providing new tools to help patients confront their core fears (i.e., food- or weight-related cues) and improve their emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to their body image

Regulation by butyrate of the cAMP response to cholera toxin and forskolin in pituitary GH1 cells

Los autores pertenecen a la antigua Unidad de Endocrinología Experimental de la UAM-CSIC.-- Now known as FEBS Journal: Open Access content older than 1 year.In pituitary GH1 cells, a rat growth hormone-producing cell line, butyrate elicited a dose-dependent increase in cholera toxin receptors as measured by an increased binding of 125I-labeled cholera toxin to the intact cells. Butyrate did not alter the affinity of cholera toxin binding, the dissociation constant being 0.4 nM for both control and butyrate-treated cells. Despite the increased binding, the cAMP response to cholera toxin was strongly reduced after exposure to butyrate. This reduction was dose-dependent and with butyrate 1-5 mM, intracellular and extracellular (medium) cAMP levels wre decreased by more than 70% in cells incubated for 24 h with 1 nM cholera toxin. Forskolin (30 μM) elicited a cAMP response similar to that found with the toxin, and a similar inhibition of cAMP was also found after incubation of GH1 cells with butyrate. Butyrate also affected basal cAMP levels which were reduced by 40-60% in cells cultured for 24-48 h with the fatty acid. In order to study whether butyrate influenced cAMP synthesis and/or cAMP degradation, adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities were determined in control cells and in cells incubated for 24 h with cholera toxin or forskolin. Butyrate had a dual effect since, besides activating phosphodiesterase by more than twofold, it also inhibited the cyclase by 40-50% in all groups. The in vitro response of adenylyl cyclase to stimulatory (NaF) and inhibitory (carbachol and adenosine) effectors was also examined. The absolute activity of the cyclase was always 40-50% lower in the cells incubated with butyrate, but the percentage change of activity obtained in butyrate-treated and untreated cells was unaltered. In addition, ADP-ribosylation of the guanine nucleotide stimulatory component of the cyclase (Gs) was not affected in the cells incubated with butyrate. These results suggest that the catalytic (C) subunit of adenylyl cyclase and/or its interaction with the regulatory components might be altered in butyrate-treated GH1 cells. The inhibition of the cAMP response in GH1 cells was accompanied by an inhibition of a biological action of the nucleotide, namely growth hormone (somatotropin) production which is primarily controlled by thyroid hormones in these cells. Forskolin alone did not affect the somatotropin levels but potentiated the growth hormone response to triiodothyronine. Butyrate produced a dose-dependent inhibition of this response, which was totally abolished at concentrations of butyrate higher than 1 mM.This work has been supported by grants from the Dirección General de Investigación Cientifíca y Técnica (PM88 - 0007) and Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias de la Seguridad Social of Spain, and a grant from the Comite Conjunto Hispano-Norteamericano para la Cooperación Científicay Tecnológica (CCB 8409-01 3).Peer Reviewe

Informe sobre utilización de la radiación ultravioleta (UVC) para desinfección

El uso de radicación UV en el rango 220-270 nm es muy adecuado para la desinfección de microorganismos y de virus presentes en el aire, y en superficies lisas y sin partículas. Se debe prestar especial atencial a las sombras producidas por cualquier objeto (incluso microscópico) que evite la llegada de la radiación sobre la superficie a desinfectar. La combinación con métodos tradicionales de desinfección es necesaria en zonas de alta contaminación.Peer reviewe