Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is associated with RNAi response in the western corn rootworm, \u3ci\u3eDiabrotica virgifera virgifera\u3c/i\u3e LeConte

The cellular uptake of dsRNA after dietary exposure is critical for RNAi efficiency; however, the mechanism of its uptake in many insects remains to be understood. In this study, we evaluated the roles of the endocytic pathway genes Clathrin heavy chain (Chc), Clathrin adaptor protein AP50, ADP ribosylation factor-like 1 (Arf72A), Vacuolar H+ ATPase 16 kDa subunit (Vha16), and small GTPase Rab7 and putative sid-1-like genes (silA and silC) in RNAi response in western corn rootworm (WCR) using a two-stage dsRNA exposure bioassay. Silencing of Chc, Vha16, and AP50 led to a significant decrease in the effects of laccase2 dsRNA reporter, indicating that these genes are involved in RNAi response. However, the knockdown of either Arf72A or Rab7 did not suppress the response to laccase2 dsRNA. The silencing of the silC gene did not lead to a significant reduction in mortality or increase in the expression of V-ATPase A reporter. While the silencing of the silA gene significantly decreased insect mortality, significant changes in V-ATPase A expression were not detected. These results suggest that clathrin-dependent endocytosis is a biological mechanism that plays an important role during RNAi response in WCR adults. The fact that no definitive support for the roles of silA or silC in RNAi response was obtained support the idea that RNAi response varies greatly in different insect species, demanding additional studies focused on elucidating their involvement in this mechanism

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is associated with RNAi response in the western corn rootworm, \u3ci\u3eDiabrotica virgifera virgifera\u3c/i\u3e LeConte

The cellular uptake of dsRNA after dietary exposure is critical for RNAi efficiency; however, the mechanism of its uptake in many insects remains to be understood. In this study, we evaluated the roles of the endocytic pathway genes Clathrin heavy chain (Chc), Clathrin adaptor protein AP50, ADP ribosylation factor-like 1 (Arf72A), Vacuolar H+ ATPase 16 kDa subunit (Vha16), and small GTPase Rab7 and putative sid-1-like genes (silA and silC) in RNAi response in western corn rootworm (WCR) using a two-stage dsRNA exposure bioassay. Silencing of Chc, Vha16, and AP50 led to a significant decrease in the effects of laccase2 dsRNA reporter, indicating that these genes are involved in RNAi response. However, the knockdown of either Arf72A or Rab7 did not suppress the response to laccase2 dsRNA. The silencing of the silC gene did not lead to a significant reduction in mortality or increase in the expression of V-ATPase A reporter. While the silencing of the silA gene significantly decreased insect mortality, significant changes in V-ATPase A expression were not detected. These results suggest that clathrin-dependent endocytosis is a biological mechanism that plays an important role during RNAi response in WCR adults. The fact that no definitive support for the roles of silA or silC in RNAi response was obtained support the idea that RNAi response varies greatly in different insect species, demanding additional studies focused on elucidating their involvement in this mechanism

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is associated with RNAi response in the western corn rootworm, \u3ci\u3eDiabrotica virgifera virgifera\u3c/i\u3e LeConte

The cellular uptake of dsRNA after dietary exposure is critical for RNAi efficiency; however, the mechanism of its uptake in many insects remains to be understood. In this study, we evaluated the roles of the endocytic pathway genes Clathrin heavy chain (Chc), Clathrin adaptor protein AP50, ADP ribosylation factor-like 1 (Arf72A), Vacuolar H+ ATPase 16 kDa subunit (Vha16), and small GTPase Rab7 and putative sid-1-like genes (silA and silC) in RNAi response in western corn rootworm (WCR) using a two-stage dsRNA exposure bioassay. Silencing of Chc, Vha16, and AP50 led to a significant decrease in the effects of laccase2 dsRNA reporter, indicating that these genes are involved in RNAi response. However, the knockdown of either Arf72A or Rab7 did not suppress the response to laccase2 dsRNA. The silencing of the silC gene did not lead to a significant reduction in mortality or increase in the expression of V-ATPase A reporter. While the silencing of the silA gene significantly decreased insect mortality, significant changes in V-ATPase A expression were not detected. These results suggest that clathrin-dependent endocytosis is a biological mechanism that plays an important role during RNAi response in WCR adults. The fact that no definitive support for the roles of silA or silC in RNAi response was obtained support the idea that RNAi response varies greatly in different insect species, demanding additional studies focused on elucidating their involvement in this mechanism

Identificação e purificação de um vírus-de-granulose em lagartas-do-cartucho-do-milho

A virus was found infecting larvae of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Smith, 1797), in Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. Virus extracts from infected larvae were able to cause up to 100% mortality in three-day old larvae feeding in artificial diet. The identification of the virus, made by electron microscopy, showed that it was a granulosis virus, belonging to the genus Baculovirus and is composed of enveloped nucleocapsids which are occluded in proteinaceous inclusion bodies. Purifications by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugations yielded 22 mg of inclusion bodies per infected larva. Due to its pathogenicity, large number of inclusion bodies per infected larvae and simplicity of purification procedures, the identified virus shows a great potential to be used as a bioinsecticide in the biological control of the fall armyworm. Foi constatada a presença de um vírus-de-granulose (VG) infectando lagartas-do-cartucho-do-milho, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Smith, 1797), VGSf, na região de Sete Lagoas, MG. Extratos de lagartas infectadas com vírus mostraram ser patogênicos, chegando a causar até 100% de mortalidade em lagartas de três dias de idade, criadas artificialmente em laboratório. A identificação do vírus foi feita através de microscopia eletrônica, e os resultados mostraram tratar-se de um vírus-de-granulose, o qual pertence ao género Baculovirus e caracteriza-se por apresentar suas partículas oclusas individualmente em uma cápsula de proteína, formando estruturas características chamadas "corpos de inclusão" (CIs). A purificação do vírus, feita através de centrifugações diferenciais e em gradientes de sacarose, mostrou ser possível obter cerca de 22 mg de CIs do vírus por lagarta infectada. Dada a sua patogenicidade, grande quantidade de CIs por lagarta infectada e facilidade de purificação, o vírus em estudo apresenta um grande potencial para ser utilizado como bioinseticida no controle da lagarta-do-cartucho.

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is associated with RNAi response in the western corn rootworm, \u3ci\u3eDiabrotica virgifera virgifera\u3c/i\u3e LeConte

The cellular uptake of dsRNA after dietary exposure is critical for RNAi efficiency; however, the mechanism of its uptake in many insects remains to be understood. In this study, we evaluated the roles of the endocytic pathway genes Clathrin heavy chain (Chc), Clathrin adaptor protein AP50, ADP ribosylation factor-like 1 (Arf72A), Vacuolar H+ ATPase 16 kDa subunit (Vha16), and small GTPase Rab7 and putative sid-1-like genes (silA and silC) in RNAi response in western corn rootworm (WCR) using a two-stage dsRNA exposure bioassay. Silencing of Chc, Vha16, and AP50 led to a significant decrease in the effects of laccase2 dsRNA reporter, indicating that these genes are involved in RNAi response. However, the knockdown of either Arf72A or Rab7 did not suppress the response to laccase2 dsRNA. The silencing of the silC gene did not lead to a significant reduction in mortality or increase in the expression of V-ATPase A reporter. While the silencing of the silA gene significantly decreased insect mortality, significant changes in V-ATPase A expression were not detected. These results suggest that clathrin-dependent endocytosis is a biological mechanism that plays an important role during RNAi response in WCR adults. The fact that no definitive support for the roles of silA or silC in RNAi response was obtained support the idea that RNAi response varies greatly in different insect species, demanding additional studies focused on elucidating their involvement in this mechanism

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is associated with RNAi response in the western corn rootworm, \u3ci\u3eDiabrotica virgifera virgifera\u3c/i\u3e LeConte

The cellular uptake of dsRNA after dietary exposure is critical for RNAi efficiency; however, the mechanism of its uptake in many insects remains to be understood. In this study, we evaluated the roles of the endocytic pathway genes Clathrin heavy chain (Chc), Clathrin adaptor protein AP50, ADP ribosylation factor-like 1 (Arf72A), Vacuolar H+ ATPase 16 kDa subunit (Vha16), and small GTPase Rab7 and putative sid-1-like genes (silA and silC) in RNAi response in western corn rootworm (WCR) using a two-stage dsRNA exposure bioassay. Silencing of Chc, Vha16, and AP50 led to a significant decrease in the effects of laccase2 dsRNA reporter, indicating that these genes are involved in RNAi response. However, the knockdown of either Arf72A or Rab7 did not suppress the response to laccase2 dsRNA. The silencing of the silC gene did not lead to a significant reduction in mortality or increase in the expression of V-ATPase A reporter. While the silencing of the silA gene significantly decreased insect mortality, significant changes in V-ATPase A expression were not detected. These results suggest that clathrin-dependent endocytosis is a biological mechanism that plays an important role during RNAi response in WCR adults. The fact that no definitive support for the roles of silA or silC in RNAi response was obtained support the idea that RNAi response varies greatly in different insect species, demanding additional studies focused on elucidating their involvement in this mechanism

Sublethal Endpoints in Non-target Organism Testing for Insect-Active GE Crops

Historically, genetically engineered (GE) plants that have incorporated genes conferring insect protection have primarily used Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to achieve their insecticidal phenotype. As a result, regulators have developed a level of familiarity and confidence in reviewing plants incorporating these insecticidal proteins. However, new technologies have been developed that produce GE plants that incorporate pest protection by triggering an RNA interference (RNAi) response or proteins other than Bt Cry proteins. These technologies have new modes of action. Although the overall assessment paradigm for GE plants is robust, there are ongoing discussions about the appropriate tests and measurement endpoints needed to inform non-target arthropod assessment for technologies that have a different mode of action than the Bt Cry proteins. As a result, increasing attention is being paid to the use of sublethal endpoints and their value for environmental risk assessment (ERA). This review focuses on the current status and history of sublethal endpoint use in insect-active GE crops, and evaluates the future use of sublethal endpoints for new and emerging technologies. It builds upon presentations made at the Workshop on Sublethal Endpoints for Non-target Organism Testing for Non-Bt GE Crops (Washington DC, USA, 4–5 March 2019), and the discussions of government, academic and industry scientists convened for the purpose of reviewing the progress and status of sublethal endpoint testing in non-target organisms

18S-16S rDNA clones from bioaerosol sample G4 (S4F3)

18S-16S rDNA clones from a maize pollen enriched bioaerosol sample collected with a pollen trap (PMF/Sigma 2, TIEM Technique, Germany) in a coexistence field trial in the Ghent area, Belgium. Sequences obtained from sample G4. Primers used: 515f 5’-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3’ (M=A-C) 1391r 5’-GACGGGCGGTGWGTRCA-3’(W=A-T; R=A-G)

Data from: Detection of airborne genetically modified maize pollen by real-time PCR

The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has raised in the European Union and other parts of the world numerous concerns about their environmental and economic impact. Especially outcrossing of genetically modified organisms (GMO) was from the beginning a critical issue as airborne pollen has been considered an important way of GMO dispersal. Here, we investigate the use of airborne pollen sampling combined with microscopic analysis and molecular PCR analysis as an approach to monitor GM maize cultivations in a specific area. Field trial experiments in the European Union and South America demonstrated the applicability of the approach under different climate conditions, in rural and semi-urban environment, even at very low levels of airborne pollen. The study documents in detail the sampling of GM pollen, sample DNA extraction and real-time PCR analysis. Our results suggest that this ''GM pollen monitoring by bioaerosol sampling and PCR screening" approach might represent an aid in managing the co-cultivation of GM and non-GM crops, especially in the surveillance of GM-free areas, centres of origin, and natural reserves