Sprouty4 Is an Endogenous Negative Modulator of TrkA Signaling and Neuronal Differentiation Induced by NGF

The Sprouty (Spry) family of proteins represents endogenous regulators of downstream signaling pathways induced by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Using real time PCR, we detect a significant increase in the expression of Spry4 mRNA in response to NGF, indicating that Spry4 could modulate intracellular signaling pathways and biological processes induced by NGF and its receptor TrkA. In this work, we demonstrate that overexpression of wild-type Spry4 causes a significant reduction in MAPK and Rac1 activation and neurite outgrowth induced by NGF. At molecular level, our findings indicate that ectopic expression of a mutated form of Spry4 (Y53A), in which a conserved tyrosine residue was replaced, fail to block both TrkA-mediated Erk/MAPK activation and neurite outgrowth induced by NGF, suggesting that an intact tyrosine 53 site is required for the inhibitory effect of Spry4 on NGF signaling. Downregulation of Spry4 using small interference RNA knockdown experiments potentiates PC12 cell differentiation and MAPK activation in response to NGF. Together, these findings establish a new physiological mechanism through which Spry4 regulates neurite outgrowth reducing not only the MAPK pathway but also restricting Rac1 activation in response to NGF

The Prosensory Function of Sox2 in the Chicken Inner Ear Relies on the Direct Regulation of Atoh1

The proneural gene Atoh1 is crucial for the development of inner ear hair cells and it requires the function of the transcription factor Sox2 through yet unknown mechanisms. In the present work, we used the chicken embryo and HEK293T cells to explore the regulation of Atoh1 by Sox2. The results show that hair cells derive from Sox2-positive otic progenitors and that Sox2 directly activates Atoh1 through a transcriptional activator function that requires the integrity of Sox2 DNA binding domain. Atoh1 activation depends on Sox transcription factor binding sites (SoxTFBS) present in the Atoh1 3′ enhancer where Sox2 directly binds, as shown by site directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). In the inner ear, Atoh1 enhancer activity is detected in the neurosensory domain and it depends on Sox2. Dominant negative competition (Sox2HMG-Engrailed) and mutation of the SoxTFBS abolish the reporter activity in vivo. Moreover, ChIP assay in isolated otic vesicles shows that Sox2 is bound to the Atoh1 enhancer in vivo. However, besides activating Atoh1, Sox2 also promotes the expression of Atoh1 negative regulators and the temporal profile of Atoh1 activation by Sox2 is transient suggesting that Sox2 triggers an incoherent feed-forward loop. These results provide a mechanism for the prosensory function of Sox2 in the inner ear. We suggest that sensory competence is established early in otic development through the activation of Atoh1 by Sox2, however, hair cell differentiation is prevented until later stages by the parallel activation of negative regulators of Atoh1 function

Sprouty4 inhibits neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) in response to NGF.

<p>A) Dissociated DRG neurons transfected with GFP in the absence (Control) or in the presence of an excess of Myc-tagged Sprouty4 (Spry4) construct were cultured with NGF (50 ng/ml). After 36 h in culture, neurons were fixed and stained with anti–tubulin antibodies. Scale bar represents 20 m. Arrows indicate neuronal cell bodies and arrowheads denote neurite tips. B) Left panel, histogram showing the inhibition of neurite outgrowth in DRG neurons by exogenous expression of Sprouty4. The results are averages SEM of a representative experiment measured in six wells per experimental group, *, p<0.05 (Student's t test). The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. Right panel, histogram showing the survival of DRG neurons by exogenous expression of Sprouty4. Neuronal survival was evaluated using the nuclear staining DAPI. GFP-positive neurons containing fragmented or condensed nuclear staining were scored as apoptotic cells. The results are averages SEM of a representative experiment performed in triplicate. C) Histogram shows the distribution of neurons carrying neurites in different length categories after transfection with GFP in the absence (Control) or in the presence of Myc-tagged Sprouty4. A total of 43 control- and 40 Sprouty4-transfected neurons from a representative assay were evaluated. Note the noticeable shift to the left of the distribution of neurons that received the Sprouty4 construct.</p

Sprouty4 restricts Erk/MAPK activation in response to NGF.

<p>A) Erk2/MAPK activation (Phospho-Erk2/MAPK) was evaluated by transient transfection of HA-tagged Erk2 plasmid with a control or a Myc-tagged Sprouty4 vector into PC12 cells. After 36 h cells were serum-starved and stimulated with or without NGF for 10 min. The level of Erk2 activation (P-Erk2) was evaluated by HA-immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting with a specific antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated forms of ERK/MAPK. Reprobing of the same blot with anti-HA and anti-Myc antibodies is shown. B) Histogram shows quantification of Erk2/MAPK activation. Results are presented as averages ± SD from three independent experiments. *p<0.05 (Student's t test). C) Erk/MAPK activation (P-MAPK) in cell lysates of parental and PC12-Spry4 (Clon S2) cells treated with NGF (50 ng/ml) and detected by immunoblot (IB). Reprobing of the same blot with anti–tubulin and anti-Myc antibodies is shown. D) Akt activation (P-Akt) in cell lysates of parental and stable transfected PC12-Spry4 (Clon S2) cells treated with NGF (50 ng/ml) and detected by IB. Reprobing of the same blot with anti–tubulin and anti-Myc antibodies is shown. E) Ligand-independent Erk/MAPK activation (P-MAPK) was evaluated by transient transfection of HA-tagged Ras-V12 plasmid (constitutively active Ras) together with a control or a Myc-Sprouty4 vector into PC12 cells. After 36 h, cells were serum-starved and the levels of Erk/MAPK activation were evaluated by immunoblot with a specific antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated forms of ERK/MAPK. Reprobing of the same blot with anti-HA, anti-Myc and anti–tubulin antibodies is shown. Fold change relative to the level of constitutive active HA-Ras V12 is indicated.</p

Knockdown of Sprouty4 potentiates MAPK activation and PC12 cell differentiation in response to NGF.

<p>A) <i>Spry4</i> mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time PCR in PC12 cells transfected with scrambled (control, Ctrl) or <i>Spry4</i> shRNA constructs. Transfected cells were enriched by puromycin treatment in order to increase the population of cells expressing scrambled or <i>Spry4</i> shRNA constructs. Quantitative analysis is shown as averages SD of triplicate determinations. The levels of Spry4 mRNA were normalized using the expression of the housekeeping gene <i>Tbp</i>. *p<0.001 (Student's <i>t</i> test). B) Spry4 protein levels were analyzed by IB in Cos cells transfected with <i>Spry4</i> shRNA or a control vector together with Myc-Spry4. Actin is shown as loading control. C) Spry4 knockdown on Erk2/MAPK activation was analyzed in PC12 cells treated with NGF (50 ng/ml) for 10 min. Erk2/MAPK activation was evaluated by transient transfection of HA-tagged Erk2 plasmid with a control or <i>Spry4</i> shRNA construct into PC12 cells. Erk2 activation (P-Erk2) was evaluated by HA-immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by IB with a specific antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated forms of ERK/MAPK. Reprobing of the same blot with anti-HA antibody is shown. Numbers below the lanes are normalized to the levels of HA-Erk2. D) Morphological differentiation of PC12 cells transfected with scramble (Ctrl) or <i>Spry4</i> shRNA cloned in the retroviral vector pGFP-V-RS and treated with NGF (50 ng/ml) for 24 h. E) The histogram shows the quantification of the relative number of GFP positive neurite-bearing cells longer than 1 or 2 cell diameters in the different experimental conditions. The results are shown as averages SD of a representative experiment performed in quadruplicates. *p<0.001 (Student's <i>t</i> test).</p

NGF signaling induces Sprouty4 in neuronal cells.

<p>A) Left panel, quantitative analysis of S<i>prouty4</i> mRNA expression by real-time PCR in PC12 cells treated with NGF (50 ng/ml) during the indicated times. The levels of <i>Sprouty4 (Spry4)</i> mRNA were normalized using the expression of the housekeeping gene <i>Tbp</i> (TATA binding protein). Shown are averages ± SD of triplicate determinations. *p<0.001 versus control (Ctrl) group (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test). Right panel, expression of <i>Spry1</i> and <i>Spry2</i> mRNAs examined by RT-PCR (35 cycles) in DRG and PC12 cells treated with NGF (50 ng/ml) for different time-points. Expression of the housekeeping gene <i>Tbp</i> was used as loading control. The experiment was repeated two times with similar results. B) Western blot analysis of Sprouty4 expression in PC12 cells treated with NGF (50 ng/ml). Reprobing control was done with antibodies against -tubulin. Fold change relative to -tubulin is indicated. C) Left panel, expression of <i>Spry</i>4 mRNA examined by semiquantitative RT-PCR (27 cycles) in PC12 cells treated with the specific MEK inhibitor PD98059 (50 M) and stimulated with NGF (50 ng/ml) as indicated. Expression of the housekeeping gene <i>Tbp</i> was used as loading control. Right panel shows a control experiment performed in parallel to verify the inhibitory activity of PD98059 on MAPK pathway. PD98059 activity was controlled measuring MAPK activation by immunoblotting of PC12 cells stimulated for 10 min with NGF (50 ng/ml). Reprobing control was done with antibodies against -tubulin. D) Colocalization of Sprouty4 and TrkA in DRG dissociated neurons obtained from E14.5 rat embryos detected by immunofluorescence. Scale bars: 10 m.E) Quantitative analysis of S<i>pry1,</i> S<i>pry2</i> and S<i>pry4</i> mRNA expression by real-time PCR in DRG neurons, treated with NGF (50 ng/ml) during the indicated times. The <i>Sproutys</i> mRNA levels were normalized using the expression of the housekeeping gene <i>Tbp</i>. Shown are averages ± SD of triplicate determinations. *p<0.01 versus control (Ctrl) group (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test).</p