Identificación de la genealogía de los híbridos interespecíficos entre Castanea sativa, Castanea crenata y Castanea mollisima

The massive mortality of Castanea sativa in southwestern Europe, which was caused by different species of Phytophthora spp., led to the introduction of seeds of the Asiatic species Castanea crenata and Castanea mollissima and to hybridization to breed for resistance to Phytophthora spp. In Spain, two programmes were developed: one programme, focussed mainly on obtaining first generation hybrids by controlled pollinations, and the other programme, based on selection among open-pollinated progenies collected from first and second generation hybrids, in both cases between sweet and Japanese chestnut. A clone collection of 194 of the clones obtained is conserved at the Lourizán Forest Reseach Centre, and 32 of these were approved as basic material for forest reproduction. A sample of 356 individuals was genotyped using 13 isozyme loci, including the clone collection and several stands of Asiatic species. Only three loci were identified as being diagnostic among these species. The diversity of stands of both Asiatic species was reduced compared to that of C. sativa. Genotype inspection of diagnostic loci and two Bayesian procedures (STRUCTURE and NEWHYBRIDS) were used to classify all individuals into genealogical classes and, thus, reconstruct the history of chestnut hybridization in Spain.La elevada mortalidad de la especie Castanea sativa en el Suroeste de Europa, causada por diferentes especies del género Phytophthora spp. llevó a la introducción de semillas de las especies asiáticas Castanea crenata y Castanea mollissima y posteriormente a la hibridación para realizar mejora por resistencia a Phytophthora spp. En España se desarrollaron dos programas de mejora: uno de ellos basado en la obtención de híbridos de primera generación obtenidos por polinización controlada y otro basado en la selección dentro de progenies de polinización abierta de híbridos de primera y segunda generación, en ambos casos entre C. crenata y C. sativa. El Centro de Investigación de Lourizán conserva un núcleo de propagación con 194 clones procedentes de ambas selecciones y 32 de estos clones fueron aprobados como materiales de base forestales. Una muestra de 356 individuos se genotipó con 13 loci isoenzimáticos. Solo tres loci se identificaron como diagnóstico entre especies. La diversidad de los rodales de especies asiáticas resultó reducida en comparación con la diversidad de C. sativa. La inspección de loci diagnóstico y dos procedimientos bayesianos (STRUCTURE y NEWHYBRIDS) se utilizaron para clasificar los individuos en clases genealógicas y así reconstruir la historia de la hibridación de castaño en España

Tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva

La insuficiencia cardiaca se presenta cuando el sistema cardiovascular es incapaz de mantener la perfusión tisular a presiones normales de llenado. Debido a su alta incidencia, constituye una parte importante de la clínica canina y felina. El conocimiento y la comprensión de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que la desencadenan son esenciales para diseñar las pautas terapéuticas. La utilización de diuréticos e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina constituyen la terapia estándar. El manejo dietético y físico, así como la combinación con otros fármacos, debe adaptarse a cada paciente concreto en base a una identificación correcta dela etiología y una completa evalución clínica del paciente. En este trabajo se expone una revisión de las pautas terapéuticas para la IC, considerando las nuevas tendencias de tratamiento.

Stability across sites of Douglas-fir provenances in northern Spain

This study examines the stability across sites for height growth at different ages in a multi-site Douglas-fir provenance test in Northern Spain in order to study its implications for provenance use recommendations and breeding strategies. A total of 89 IUFRO provenances, planted on 16 sites, were analysed. Type B correlations were used to examine the relation among geographical differences between sites and their site-to-site correlations. The site index differences between sites was the only variable that explained the Type B correlation variation, indicating that P x E interaction arises from site index differences between test sites. The lack of significant correlations between geographical differences and Type B correlations between sites, suggested that all the studied area should be considered as a unique breeding zone. Despite the relative high Type B correlation within all the studied area (r, > 0.6), the analyses of variance indicated a high relative importance of the P x E interaction, especially at the earlier stages. This interaction must be considered for selection and provenances recommendation. It was concluded that selection should be made for stability and overall good performance within the whole area. Provenance stability over the site index variation was analysed by the joint regression analysis. Significant stability differences were found among provenances. Considering both the overall performance and the stability, 11 provenances were recommended for Northern Spain. Most of these provenances come from North Oregon and South Washington, from latitudes north of 45 " N.This study was financed, during the last years, by the European Projects EUDIREC CT95-0909 and FEDER lFD97-0585-C-03-01.UEPeer reviewe

Chemically modified nanomaterials as lubricant additive: time stability, friction, and wear

This work reviews the results on the temporal stability of nanodispersions containing chemically modified nanoadditives: carbon-based nanomaterials, metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, nanocomposites, among others. Morphology, size, coating type and concentration of the NPs as well as the viscosity of the base oil are the main characteristics that affect stability. Coated spherical NPs with mean diameter lower than 20 nm are the most common among those which led to nanolubricants with stabilities longer than two months. The tribological results of the nanolubricants with stabilities higher than one month are also reviewed. Regardless the base oil, chemically modified nanoparticles reduced wear more than friction, reaching reductions of friction up to 75% and wear volume up to 99%. As for the tribological mechanisms involving chemically modified nanoparticles, the formation of adsorbed or tribochemical reaction films on worn surfaces were reported more oftenThis work is supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, FEDER in Spanish) through the ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R and the PID2020-112846RB-C22 projects as well as by Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2020/10). JMLDR acknowledges the grant of the Margarita Salas program, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “NextGenerationEU/PRTR”S

Tribological properties of graphene nanoplatelets or boron nitride nanoparticles as additives of a polyalphaolefin base oil

In this work, antifriction and antiwear capabilities of hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles (h-BN) or graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) as additives of a polyalphaolefin neat oil (PAO 40) were studied at pure sliding conditions. For this purpose, eight PAO 40 nanodispersions were prepared: four nanodispersions with h-BN and four others based on GnP. The mass concentrations of these dispersions are 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 wt% of h-BN and 0.05, 0.10. 0.25 and 0.50 wt% of GnP, having all of them a good stability against sedimentation (at least 96 h). Tribological assays were carried with prepared nanolubricants as well as with PAO 40 base oil at 20 N load. All nanolubricants based on h-BN or GnP showed lower friction coefficients in comparison to the non-additivated neat oil, with a maximum decrease in friction of 21% for the 0.50 wt% GnP nanodispersion. Regarding the produced wear, all disks lubricated with nanolubricants showed lower wear than those lubricated using PAO 40. The greatest wear reduction in wear track width (22%) was also achieved for the 0.50 wt% in GnP nanolubricant. Moreover, through the confocal Raman microscopy and roughness analyses of worn disks it can be concluded that the wear reductions are due to the surface repairing and tribofilm formation mechanismsS

Modeling of the Production of Lipid Microparticles Using PGSS® Technique

Solid lipid microparticles (SLMPs) are attractive carriers as delivery systems as they are stable, easy to manufacture and can provide controlled release of bioactive agents and increase their efficacy and/or safety. Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions (PGSS®) technique is a solvent-free technology to produce SLMPs, which involves the use of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) at mild pressures and temperatures for the melting of lipids and atomization into particles. The determination of the key processing variables is crucial in PGSS® technique to obtain reliable and reproducible microparticles, therefore the modelling of SLMPs production process and variables control are of great interest to obtain quality therapeutic systems. In this work, the melting point depression of a commercial lipid (glyceryl monostearate, GMS) under compressed CO2 was studied using view cell experiments. Based on an unconstrained D-optimal design for three variables (nozzle diameter, temperature and pressure), SLMPs were produced using the PGSS® technique. The yield of production was registered and the particles characterized in terms of particle size distribution. Variable modeling was carried out using artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic integrated into neurofuzzy software. Modeling results highlight the main effect of temperature to tune the mean diameter SLMPs, whereas the pressure-nozzle diameter interaction is the main responsible in the SLMPs size distribution and in the PGSS® production yieldThis work was supported by Xunta de Galicia [ED431F 2016/010, ED431C 2020/17 & GRC ED431C 2020/10], MCIUN [RTI2018-094131-A-I00], Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales [AeMAT- BIOMEDCO2, ED431E 2018/08], Agencia Estatal de Investigación [AEI] and FEDER funds. C.A.G.-G. acknowledges to MINECO for a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship [RYC2014-15239]. Work carried out in the frame of the COST Action CA18224 (GREENERING) and funded by the European CommissionS

Double hybrid lubricant additives consisting of a phosphonium ionic liquid and graphene nanoplatelets/hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles

Tribological performance of polyalphaolefin 32, PAO, is investigated by adding two nanomaterials (graphene nanoplatelets, GnP, and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles, h-BN) and an ionic liquid ([P6,6,6,14][DEHP], IL1, [P2,4,4,4][DEP], IL2, or [P6,6,6,14][(iC8)2PO2], IL3). Designed double hybrid nanodispersions are PAO/1 wt% ILX/0.05 wt% GnP/0.1 wt% h-BN (X = 1, 2 or 3). The best anti-friction behavior corresponds to PAO/IL3/GnP/h-BN (40% reduction compared to that achieved with PAO). Anti-wear behavior is similar for the three double hybrid nanodispersions. Roughness of the worn surface tested with PAO is higher than that obtained for each of the nanodispersions. Tribo-film formation and repair effect on worn surfaces due to ILs and nanoparticles are revealed. Some positive synergies were found between each IL and GnP/h-BN as hybrid PAO additivesMinistry of Science and Innovation (Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund supported this work through the project ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R. This research was also financially supported by Xunta de Galicia, Spain (Grant ED431C 2020/10)S

Vítreo primario hiperplásico persistente y anomalías asociadas en un Husky siberiano

Se describe el caso clínico de una perra Husky siberiano que acudio a consulta para una evaluacion ocular porque el ojo derecho mostraba aspecto blanquecino. El diagnostico de vitreo primario hiperplastico persistente se efectuo mediante ultrasonografia bidimensional y Doppler color

Hybrid combinations of graphene nanoplatelets and phosphonium ionic liquids as lubricant additives for a polyalphaolefin

Tribological performance of three ionic liquids (ILs), trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (IL1), tributylethylphosphonium diethylphosphate (IL2) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (IL3) combined with graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) as hybrid additives for a polyalphaolefin (PAO 32) base oil was studied. For this purpose, several dispersions were prepared by mixing, stirring, and then sonicating according to the following combinations: PAO 32 + (a wt%) IL + (b wt%) GnP, where a and b represent the concentration of the additives added to the PAO 32 base oil. In this study a is 0 or 1 and b is 0.05 or 0.1. Three PAO 32 + 1 wt% IL mixtures were also prepared. Thermophysical properties and stability against sedimentation of the dispersions were studied by means of a rotational viscometer and visual observation, respectively. Furthermore, friction and wear behaviors were analyzed using a ball-on-disk configuration tribometer operating in rotational mode and both a 3D optical profiler and a scanning electronic microscope, respectively. Confocal Raman microscopy was used to identify compounds in the tribofilms formed on the wear tracks. The hybrid combinations of PAO 32/ILs/GnP improved the friction reduction of the corresponding binary PAO 32/GnP nanolubricants and PAO 32/IL mixtures. Interestingly, the hybrid dispersions with low concentrations of GnP (with 0.05 wt% GnP) are more effective than those of 0.1 wt% GnP. Results also show that the addition of both 0.05 wt% graphene nanoplatelets and 1 wt% IL led to friction reductions up to 36% and wear reductions up to 27%, compared with the capabilities of neat PAO 32. IL1 and IL3, containing the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium cation, generate the hybrid lubricants with the best combined properties (stability, viscosity and tribological properties) of all the lubricants testedThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the ERDF programme (FEDER in Spanish) through ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R project, and by the Xunta de Galicia (ED431D 2017/06, ED431E 2018/08 and ED431C 2020/10)S

Tribological enhancement using Mn3O4-Graphene nanocomposites as additives for potential transmission fluids of electric vehicles

This research reports the antifriction and antiwear properties of Mn3O4-Graphene nanocomposites (Mn3O4-G) as additives of a paraffinic base oil commonly used in the formulation of electric vehicles transmission oils, G-III base oil. Four G-III base oil nanodispersions have been designed, G-III base oil + 0.025 wt% Mn3O4-G, G-III base oil + 0.050 wt% Mn3O4-G, G-III base oil + 0.075 wt% Mn3O4-G and G-III base oil + 0.100 wt% Mn3O4-G, to know the optimal concentration of nanoadditive. Tribological experiments were carried out with these nanolubricants and with neat G-III base oil at pure sliding conditions under a working load of 9.43 N. All tested nanolubricants led to similar friction coefficients in comparison to that obtained using G-III base oil. Tribological specimens tested with formulated nanolubricants revealed less wear than that obtained with G-III base oil, obtaining the greatest wear reduction using the G-III base oil + 0.075 wt% Mn3O4-G nanolubricant, with reductions of 25, 50 and 64% in wear scar diameter, maximum depth and transversal area, respectively. Moreover, by means of confocal Raman microscopy and roughness evaluation of worn tribological specimens, it was concluded that synergetic effect, tribofilm formation and rolling mechanisms happenThis research is supported by Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2020/10), by the State Research Agency (AEI) of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, FEDER in Spanish) through the PID2020-112846RB-C22 project. JMLDR and RR are granted by the Program for the requalification, international mobility, and attraction of talent in the Spanish university system, modality Margarita SalasS