Marcadores textuales de «ejemplificación» textual

This paper presents an approach (from the point of view of the Text Grammar of Spanish language, i.e. the grammar that considers the text as the highest unity of analysis) to some particles that the Spanish grammatical tradition has hardly paid attention to. We talk about the expressions: por ejemplo, así, como, ejemplo, verbigracia, a saber and esto es, which we have named text markers of "exemplification", taking into account the textual function that they play or can play. Although we can find many other expressions that fulfil this function, the forms we have pointed out above are the only ones that are lexicalized and, therefore, susceptible to a grammatical study. The principal aim of the paper is to give a formal and functional description of the aforementioned markers in the grammatical system of Spanish language; in order to do that, we have analyzed a wide corpus of written and oral language

Los criterios aplicados en el DRAE 2014 a los extranjerismos crudos: revisión crítica

La publicación de una nueva edición del Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE) suele provocar tanto en el usuario como en el estudioso de la lengua múltiples preguntas sobre los cambios que la Real Academia introduce. Dado que en 2014 ve la luz la 23.ª edición de este diccionario, me planteo aquí revisar qué sucede en ella con un grupo de lemas que, según lo establecido en los diccionarios académicos desde 2001, se presentan en cursiva: los extranjerismos crudos, caracterizados por no atenerse a las normas gráfico-fonológicas del español, y cuyo número asciende en el nuevo diccionario a 344. Partiendo de algunos criterios fijados en el preámbulo del DRAE (los referidos a los extranjerismos y a las variantes), mi objetivo es valorar cómo se aplican en el cuerpo de la obra y si se logra un tratamiento coherente de estas palabras. Al mismo tiempo, comparo las dos últimas ediciones del DRAE atendiendo a esos parámetros. El análisis nos lleva a ver que sigue siendo difícil entender las razones por las que Academia elige la cursiva o la redonda en determinados lemas, dificultad incrementada por la ausencia de información sobre su pronunciación. Además, aumentan los extranjerismos que remiten a una adaptación o a un equivalente. En cuanto a las variantes, se aprecian ciertos cambios en la elección de la forma preferida.A new edition of the Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE) usually raises numerous questions, both among the language user and the language scholar, about the changes that the Real Academia introduces. In this paper I examine a group of lemmas in italics, as established in academic dictionaries from 2001 up to the 23rd edition of the DRAE in 2014: the raw foreign words, characterized by not following the graphic-phonic rules of Spanish, the number of which increases to 344 in the new dictionary. On the basis of certain criteria set out in the preamble to the DRAE (those related to foreign words and variants), my aim is to assess how they are applied in the body of work and if a consistent treatment of these words is achieved. Simultaneously, I compare the latest two editions of DRAE in respect of these parameters. The analysis demonstrates that it remains diffi cult to understand the reasons why the Academy chooses to use italics or roman in certain lemmas, a difficulty increased by the lack of information on their pronunciation. Furthermore, there is an increase in foreign words that refer to an adaptation or to an equivalent. As for variants, some changes in the choice of the preferred form are observed

Complex Patterns of Habitat Use by Juvenile Spider Crabs Maja Brachydactila Revealed by Stable Isotope Analyses

[Abstract] Patterns of habitat use by spider crab juveniles, Maja brachydactila, from two geographic areas in the NW coast of the Iberian Peninsula, were analyzed through the analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen stable isotope relations in two tissues (muscle and hepatopancreas). The main organisms that constitute the diet of spider crab juveniles in rocky and sandy habitats and the different organic matter sources in coastal food webs were analysed too. The isotopic ratios of C and N did not show any difference between habitats. The use of carapace colour and epibiosis as an indicator of habitat use was not supported by our data. These results suggest much more frequent movements between both types of habitats than those suggested by former studies (carried out using behavioural observations and sampling distributions) that hypothesized seasonal and ontogenetic changes. In the coastal food web, two main trophic compartments were identified according to the organic matter source: one based in plankton and seaweeds, that corresponds, mainly, with rocky habitats, and another based in sedimentary particulated organic matter that correspond with sandy bottoms. The relationships observed between the C and N isotopic ratios and the proportions of lipids and proteins in muscle and hepatopancreas seem to indicate a clear relation between the trophic origin of the food consumed by the spider crab juveniles and its energetic condition, and the individuals that spent more time feeding in sandy areas would show a better energetic condition. Juveniles of Maja brachydactila, independently of the habitat of capture, would consume in average approximately two thirds of the preys in rocky habitats and a third in sedimentary habitats. The results obtained indicate that, in exposed environments, large juveniles spend most of the time in sedimentary bottoms, where they find more refuge, but they move frequently (probably at night) to the nearby rocky substrates to feed.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología; REN2000-0446MARMinisterio de Ciencia y Tecnología; REN2003-0481

Complex Patterns of Habitat Use by Spider Crabs Maja Squinado Revealed by Stable Isotope Analyses

38th European Marine Biology Symposium, Aveiro (Portugal), 8-12 September 200

Timing and seasonality of the onset of maturity, gonad maturation and mating in the spider crab "Maja squinado" : relationships with habitat use and social structure

Fifth International Crustacean Congress, 9-13 July 2001, University of Melbourne, AustraliaXunta de Galicia; XUGA10301B97Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología; REN2000-0446/MA

Metapopulation dynamics in the spider crab "Maja squinado" : implications for fisheries management

International Conference "Life Histories Assessment and Management of Crustacean Fisheries", 8-12 October 2001, Universidade da Coruña, Spai