Liderazgo entre iguales en equipos deportivos : elaboración de un instrumento de medida

El presente estudio se ha realizado con el doble objetivo de ampliar el modelo de medida del liderazgo deportivo entre iguales (EELD-30) elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade y Alzate (2011) y a la vez reducir el número de indicadores para mejorar su aplicabilidad. Como resultado, se ha obtenido una versión, denominada EELD-24, con más factores (6 en lugar de 5) y con menor número de ítems (24 en lugar de 30). El ajuste individual de los parámetros (cargas factoriales de los ítems, correlaciones entre factores, y varianzas de los errores de medida) ha sido satisfactorio y los índices de ajuste global del modelo razonables: χ2(242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0,90; TLI = 0,92; CFI = 0,93; SRMR = 0,058; RMSEA = 0,058 ( I.C. 90%; 0,052; 0,064). También se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios de consistencia interna de los factores, con valores de alpha de Cronbach que oscilan entre 0,76 y 0,86, de validez convergente y discriminante, y de invarianza del modelo de medida. La escala resultante puede ser utilizada con fines profesionales y de investigación con las suficientes garantías psicométricas.The present study was developed with the aim of increasing the assessment model of peer leadership (EELD-30) elaborated by Arce, Torrado, Andrade and Alzate (2011) and, at the same time, shortening the number of indicators in order to improve its applicability. As a result, a new version was obtained, called EELD-24, with one more factor (six instead of five) and fewer items (24 instead of 30). Fit indexes (item loads, factor correlations and error variance) were satisfactory and global fit indexes of the model were reasonable: χ2(242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 (C.I. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). Apart from this, satisfactory indexes of internal consistence were obtained, with values of Cronbach's Alpha between 0.76 and 0.86, and also convergent and discriminant validity and invariance of the model offer satisfactory results. The final scale can be used both for an applied context and for research with enough psychometric guarantees.O presente estudo foi realizado com um objectivo duplo de ampliar o modelo de medida de liderança desportiva entre pares (EELD-30) elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade e Alzate (2011) e de reduzir o número de indicadores de forma a melhorar a sua aplicabilidade. Como resultado, foi obtida uma versão, denominada EELD-24, com mais factores (seis em vez de cinco) e com menor número de itens (24 em vez de 30). O ajustamento individual dos parâmetros (cargas factoriais dos itens, correlações entre factores e variâncias dos erros de medida) foi satisfatório e os índices de ajustamento global do modelo razoáveis: χ2 (242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 (I.C. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). De igual modo foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios de consistência interna dos factores, com valores de alfa de Cronbach que oscilam entre os .76 e .86, de validade convergente e discriminante, e de invariância do modelo de medida. A escala resultante pode ser utilizada em contexto aplicado e de investigação com suficientes garantias psicométricas

Adaptación al español de la subescala de Competición del Test of Performance Strategies

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. Method: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fi t was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. Conclusions: The adaptation is satisfactory and fi t for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competitionAntecedentes: en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por la conceptualización y la evaluación de las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas y por el estudio de su relación con el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de adaptar al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3. Método: se siguió un proceso de doble traducción de los ítems del test original en inglés, y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.003 deportistas españoles de ambos sexos. Se realizaron análisis de validez factorial, de fi abilidad y de invarianza del modelo de medida. Resultados: se obtuvo evidencia favorable a un modelo de medida con 36 ítems agrupados en 9 factores, semejante al modelo original. El ajuste del modelo fue razonable a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. Los índices de fi abilidad fueron satisfactorios para el total del test y para cada uno de sus factores. También se obtuvieron evidencias favorables a la invarianza del modelo de medida en función del sexo. Conclusiones: la adaptación realizada es satisfactoria y puede ser utilizada por investigadores y profesionales de la psicología del deporte para evaluar las habilidades psicológicas que los deportistas emplean en la competiciónThis research has been carried out with fi nancial support from Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia (ED431B 2016/017)S

Demonstration Plant Equipment Design and Scale-Up from Pilot Plant of a Leaching and Solvent Extraction Process

Germanium recovery from coal fly ash by hydrometallurgical procedures was studied at the pilot scale (5 kg of fly ash/h). Results were used to design the equipment of a demonstration-sized plant (200 kg of fly ash/h). The process is based on hydrometallurgical operations: firstly a germanium extraction from fly ash by leaching and a consequent Ge separation from the other elements present in the solution by solvent extraction procedures. Based on the experimental results, mass balances and McCabe-Thiele diagrams were applied to determine the number of steps of the solvent extraction stage. Different arrangements have been studied and a countercurrent process with three steps in extraction and six steps in elution was defined. A residence time of 5 min was fixed in both the extraction and elution stages. Volumetric ratios in extraction and stripping were: aqueous phase/organic phase = 5 and organic phase/stripping phase = 5, so a concentration factor of 25 is achieved. Mixers and decanters were completely defined. The maximum extracted and eluted germanium was estimated and a global efficiency of 94% was achieved. The cost-effectiveness of the equipment was estimated using the Lang factors

Contributions to the study of porosity in fly ash-based geopolymers. Relationship between degree of reaction, porosity and compressive strength

The main contribution of this paper relates to the development of a systematic study involving a set of parameters which could potentially have an impact on geopolymer properties: curing temperature, type of activating solution, alkali metal in solution, incorporation of slag (Ca source) and type of slag used. The microstructures, degrees of reaction, porosities and compressive strengths of geopolymers have been evaluated. Geopolymers prepared with soluble silicate presented a more compacted and closed structure, a larger amount of gel, lower porosity and greater compressive strength than those prepared with hydroxides. On the other hand, Na-geopolymers were more porous but more resistant than K-geopolymers. Although there is an inverse relation between degree of reaction and porosity, between compressive strength and porosity it is not always inversely proportional and could, in some cases, be masked by changes produced in other influencing parameters.Contribuciones al estudio de la porosidad de geopolímeros basados en cenizas volantes. Relación entre grado de reacción, porosidad y resistencia a compresión. La principal contribución de este documento es el desarrollo de un estudio sistemático implicando una serie de parámetros que podrían afectar a las propiedades de los geopolímeros: temperatura de curado, solución activadora, metal alcalino de la solución, incorporación de escorias (fuente de calcio) y tipo de escorias. Se han evaluado: microestructura, grado de reacción, porosidad y resistencia a compresión. Los geopolímeros preparados con silicatos presentaron un microestructura más densa y compacta, una mayor cantidad del gel geopolimérico, menor porosidad y mejores propiedades mecánicas que los preparados con hidróxidos. Los geopolímeros preparados con sales de sodio fueron más porosos pero más resistentes que los preparados con sales potasio. Aunque existe una relación inversa entre el grado de reacción y la porosidad, en algunos casos, la relación entre resistencia y porosidad es inexistente ya que puede estar enmascarada por cambios producidos por otros parámetros que afecten a la reacción.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología CTM2010-1991

Enfermedad coronaria en el trasplante renal:incidencia, tipología, factores de riesgo y pronóstico

Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Ciencias da Saúde. 5007V01[Resumen] INTRODUCCION: La causa más importante de muerte en pacientes trasplantados renales es la mortalidad cardiovascular. La enfermedad coronaria constituye la mayor causa de patología cardiaca en el post‐trasplante, siendo la responsable de angina, infarto, insuficiencia cardiaca o arritmias. OBJETIVO:EL objetivo de esta Tésis es conocer la incidencia de enfermedad coronaria en trasplante renal, los factores de riesgo, la tipología de la afectación y su relación con parámetros clínicos, el tratamiento administrado y el pronóstico, tanto para la supervivencia del paciente como para la supervivencia renal. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se estudian los pacientes trasplantados en el Hospital Universitario A Coruña desde 1981 hasta 2016. Se define evento coronario como aquel episodio de angina o infarto según características clínicas y datos complementarios. Variables analizadas: incidencia de eventos coronarios y su relación con el período de tiempo de observación, edad del donante y receptor, género, enfermedad de base, tipo de trasplante, trasplante combinado, antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular previo, HTA, hábito tabáquico, diabetes pre y post‐trasplante, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, colesterol, triglicéridos, glucemia, hemoglobina, función retrasada del injerto y duración, creatinina, proteinuria, nº coronarias afectadas, enfermeenfermedad multivaso, tipo de coronaria afectada, porcentaje de estenosis coronaria, fracción de eyección según coronarias afectadas, calcificación valvular, tratamiento realizado: médico, IPC, cirugía by‐pass. Pronóstico según evento coronario y tratamiento efectuado. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 2889 pacientes trasplantados renales en el Hospital Universitario de A Coruña desde 1981 hasta 2016.Se registraron 245 eventos coronarios en 35 años, 1,23/100 pacientes año. La incidencia acumulada fue 3,4% a los 3 meses del trasplante, 4,1% al año, 5,3% al tercer año, 6,6% al 5º año, 10,5% al 10º año y 14,5% al 15ª año, según Kaplan‐Meier y Metodología Riesgos Competitivos. Cuando comparamos dos períodos de tiempo (1981‐2001 y 2002‐2016), la incidencia acumulada es menor en el segundo período, 6,8 vs 12,1% al 10 año; p=0,002.La incidencia de eventos es mayor en el primer trimestre 37,9% y esta frecuencia ha aumentado respecto al número total de eventos durante el segundo período un 21,8%. Los factores de riesgo en el análisis de Cox fueron edad, tiempo en lista de trasplante, ECV previa, diabetes post‐trasplante, fumar, colesterol, creatinina y tensión arterial sistólica. Los factores de riesgo para el primer trimestre son la edad, la ECV previa y la presencia de FRI. El cambio evolutivo de los factores de riesgo a lo largo de la evolución hace que cambien los modelos de regresión en el período de tiempo estudiado. La coronaria más afectada es la arteria descendente anterior. No encontramos enfermedad oclusiva en 24,2% y existe enfermedad coronaria de 3 vasos en 27,5%.La fracción de eyección se relaciona negativamente con el nº de vasos afectados y la severidad de la estenosis. En curvas ROC una fracción de eyección inferior al 57% se relaciona con enfermedad de 3 vasos con una sensibilidad de 81% y especificidad del 53,2%. El tratamiento de la enfermedad coronaria fue en el 56,5% sólo tratamiento médico, en el 19,5% cirugía y en el 31% Intervención Percutánea. El tratamiento mediante cirugía fue indicado en pacientes más jóvenes y con enfermedad de tres vasos. La supervivencia del paciente tras presentar un evento coronario es 67,2% al 5º año. La supervivencia del injerto tras presentar un evento coronario es 78,1% al 5º año. En el modelo de regresión de Cox, el uso de cirugía se asoció a menor mortalidad, aunque esta diferencia no fue significativa empleando el modelo de riesgos competitivos. La incidencia acumulada de mortalidad coronaria empleando MRC en el primer período es 2,25 al 6º año. En el segundo período es de 0,84% al 6º año. La causa de muerte de los pacientes tras un evento coronaria es cardíaca en 47,3%. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de eventos coronarios ha disminuido en los últimos 15 años así como la mortalidad cardíaca en relación con el control de los factores de riesgo.La frecuencia de eventos coronarios en el primer trimestre ha aumentado porcentualmente en estos últimos años. La enfermedad coronaria de 3 vasos ocurre en el 27.5%. La fracción de eyección se correlaciona con la severidad de la enfermedad coronaria, siendo mayor ésta en los pacientes con infarto. La cirugía es el tratamiento más indicado en pacientes jóvenes y enfermedad coronaria de tres vasos y se se ha asociado a menor mortalidad.La supervivencia del paciente después de presentar un evento coronario es 85,2% al 1 año y 67,2% al 5º año.[Resumo] INTRODUCCION: A causa maiís importante de morte en doentes trasplantados de ril é a mortalidade cardiovascular. A enfermidade coronaria constitúe a maior causa de patoloxía cardíaca no post‐trasplante, sendo a responsable de anxina, infarto, insuficiencia cardíaca ou arritmias. OBXETIVO: O obxetivo desta Tese e coñecer a incidencia da enfermidade coronaria, os factores de risco, a tipoloxía da afectación coronaria, a súa relación con parámetros clínicos, o tratamento administrado e o pronóstico tanto da supervevencia do doente como a do inxerto. MATERIAL E METODOS: Estúdanse os doentes trasplantados de ril no Hospital Universitario A Coruña dende 1981 ata 2016. Defínese evento coronario como aquel episodio de anxina ou infarto segundo as características clínicas e datos complementarios. Variables analizadas: incidencia de eventos coronarios e a súa relación co período de tempo da observación, idade do donante e receptor, xénero, enfermidade de base, tipo de trasplante, trasplante combinado, antecedentes de enfermidade cardiovascular previa, HTA, xeito de fumar, diabetes pre e posttrasplante, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, colesterol, triglicéridos, glucemia, hemoglobina, función retrasada do inxerto e duración, creatinina, proteinuria, nº coronarias afectadas, enfermidade multivaso, tipo de coronaria afectada, porcentaxe de estenosis coronaria, fracción de eyección segundo coronarias afectadas, calcificación valvular, tratamento realizado: Médico, IPC, cirurxía by‐pass. Pronóstico segundo evento coronario e tratamento efectuado RESULTADOS: Estudáronse 2889 doentes trasplantados de ril no Hospital Universitario de A Coruña dende 1981 ata 2016.Rexistráronse 245 eventos coronarios en 35 anos, 1,23/100 doentes ano. A incidencia acumulada foi 3,4% aos 3 meses do trasplante, 4,1% ao ano, 5,3% ao tercer ano, 6,6% ao 5º ano, 10,5% ao 10º año e 14,5% ao 15ª ano, segundo KM y RC. Cando comparamos os dous períodos de tempo (1981‐2001 e 2002‐2016), a incidencia acumulada é menor no segundo período, 6,8 vs 12,1% no 10 ano; p=0,002.A incidencia de eventos é maior no primeiro trimestre 37,9% e esta frecuencia aumentou respecto ao número total de eventos durante o segundo período un 21,8%. Os factores de risco no análise de Cox foron: idade, tempo en lista de trasplante, ECV previa, diabetes post‐trasplante, o fumar, colesterol, creatinina e tensión arterial sistólica. Os factores de risco para o primeiro trimestre son a idade, a ECV previa e a presencia de FRI.O cambio evolutivo nos factores de risco fai que cambien tamén os modelos de regresión en relación co período de tempo estudado. A coronaria mais afectada é a arteria descendente anterior. Non encontramos enfermidade oclusiva no 24,2% e existe enfermidade coronaria de 3 vasos en 27,5%.A fracción de eyección relaciónase negativamente co nº de vasos afectados e a severidade da estenosis. Nas curvas ROC unha fracción de eyección inferior ao 57% relaciónase coa enfermidade de 3 vasos cunha sensibilidade do 81% e unha especificidade do 53,2%. O tratamento da enfermidade coronaria foi: só tratamento médico en 56,5%, cirurxía en 19,5% e IPC no 31%. O tratamento mediante cirurxía foi indicado en doentes máis xóvenes e con enfermidade de tres vasos. A supervivencia do doente despois de presentar un evento coronario é de 67,2% ao 5º ano. A supervivencia do inxerto tras presentar un evento coronario é 78,1% no 5º ano. No modelo de regresión de Cox, o uso da cirurxía asociouse a menor mortalidade, ainda que esta diferenza non foi significativa cando empregamos o modelo de riscos competitivos. A incidencia acumulada de mortalidade coronaria empregando MRC no primeiro período é de 2,25% ao 6º ano. No segundo período é de 0,84% ao 6º ano. A causa da morte dos doentes despois dun evento coronaro é cardíaca no 47,3%. CONCLUSIONS: A incidencia de eventos coronarios disminuíu nos últimos 15 anos así como a mortalidade cardíaca en relación co control dos factores de risco. A frecuencia de eventos coronarios no primeiro trimestre aumentóu porcentualmente nos últimos anos. A enfermidade enfermidade coronaria de 3 vasos ocorre no 27,5%. Existe unha relación negativa da fracción de eyección coa severidade da enfermidade coronaria, sendo ista maior nos doentes con infarto. A cirurxía é o tratamemnto mais indicado a doentes xóvenes e enfermidade coronaria de tres vasos e asociouse a unha menor mortalidade. A supervivencia do doente despois de presentar un evento coronario é 85,2% no 1º ano e 67,2% no 5º ano.[Abstract] BACKGROUND: The most important cause of dead in renal transplant recipients is the cardiovascular mortality. The coronary disese is the main cause of cardiac pathology after kidney transplantation, being responsible for angor, infarct, heart failure or arrythmias. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this Thesis is to know the coronary disease incidence, the risk factors, the tipology of coronary afecttion and the relationship with clinical parameters, treatment received and outcome so patient survival as allograft survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The kidney transplant recipients in Hospital Universitario A Coruña were studied from 1981 to 2016. The coronary event was defined as angor or infarct according to clinic characteristics and complementary data. Parameters analyzed: incidence of coronary events according with the period after kidney transplantation, age (donors and recipients),sex, primary disease, kind of transplant,combined transplant, history of previous cardiovascular disease before transplantation, hypertension, tobacco habit, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, hemoglobin, delayed graft function, creatinine, proteinuria, number of affected vessels, multivessel disease, type of coronary artery affected, valvular calcification, ejection fraction, percentage of coronary stenosis, treatment (medical, percutaneous intervention or By‐pass surgery), and the outcome according the coronary event and the treatment administered. RESULTS: 2889 kidney transplant recipients were studied from 1981 to 2016. In this period ( 36 years), 245 coronary events had been registered, 1,23/100 patientsyear. The cumuled incidence was 3,4% at 3rdmonth, 4,1% at 1st year, 5,3% at 3rd year, 6,6% at 5th year, 10,5% at 10th year and 14,5% at 15th year.The cumuled incidence was less in the period 2002‐2016 than the period 1981‐2001: 6,8% vs 12,1% at 10th year (p=0,002).This incidence of coronary events was highest at three months 37,9% and it increased with respect to total events by 21,8% in the second period. (p=0,002). The risk factors found in Cox model were age, time on waiting list, cardiovascular disease before transplantation, cholesterol levels, creatinine, smoking, diabetes after transplantation and Systolic Arterial Tension. The most important risk factors during the first three months after transplantation were age, presence of cardiovascular disease before transplantation and delayed graft function. The change of long‐term risk factors is very important because it makes the regression models change according to the period of study. The most affected coronary artery was the anterior descending artery. Non‐occlusive coronary disease was found in 24, 2 % while there is three vessels coronary disease in 27,5%. The ejection fraction has a negative relationship with the number of affected vessels and with the degree of coronary stenosis.In ROC curves, a ejection fraction less than 57% is associated with three vessels disease with a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 53,2%. The coronary disease treatment consisted in medical therapy only in 56, 6 %, PCI in 31% and 19, 5% of patients received By‐PASS surgery.This last therapy was indicated more frequently in young people and in patients with three vessels disease.In Cox regression, the use of surgery is associated with less mortality but when we use the competitive risk model it is not significative. The patient survival after presenting a coronary event was 67, 2% at 5th year. The allograft survival was 78, 1% at 5th year. Coronary mortality using a competitive risks model was lower in the period 2002‐2016 vs 1981‐2001: 2, 25% at 6th vs 0, 84% at 6th respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of coronary disease after kidney transplantation has decreased the last 15 years and mortality too. There is an increment in the percentage of coronary events in the first three months with respect to total events in the second period. The three vessels coronary disease was 27,5%.Threre is a negative relationship between the ejection fraction and severity of coronary disease. Patients with infarct have more severe disease than patients with angor. The treatment with by‐pass is associated to young patients and three vessels disease and it’s a variable associated with lower mortality.The survival patient after coronary event is 85,2% at 1 st year and 67,2% al 5th year

Coal Combustion and Gasification Products

The valorization of a coal gasification fly ash was studied by leaching the fly ash using different aqueous solutions followed by the subsequent precipitation of the germanium solubilized from the ash. Experimental investigations were focused on the precipitation of a germanium2catechol (CAT) complex with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The influences of pH and amounts of CTAB and CAT on the precipitation yield were investigated. To this aim, a central composite rotatable design and ANOVA Design Expert 7.0.3 Wiley software were employed for experimental design and analysis of the results. Thus, the independent and combined effects of pH, CAT/Ge and CTAB/Ge molar ratios were investigated and optimized using a quadratic mathematical model. The optimum values of these factors were found to be 10, 12, and 4, respectively (in this case, the germanium precipitation yield was 98.8% for water leachates). The precipitation of germanium as a complex compound with CAT and CTAB was found to be selective towards germanium and this element can be effectively separated from As, Mo, Sb, V, or Zn. Total organic carbon in solution was measured to estimate the amounts of CAT and CTAB precipitated with germanium and with the interferences present in aqueous leachates. In addition, thermogravimetric analyses have been performed on the germanium-complex solids as a result of which 600uC was determined as the minimum temperature to completely remove the organic content of the precipitate.Unión Europea ECSC 7220-PR14

Preliminary validation of a Spanish version of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ)

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach's alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagement.El Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) es un instrumento que ha mostrado evidencias de su validez y fiabilidad para la medida del engagement en deportistas. Este se define como una experiencia positiva y mantenida en el tiempo caracterizada por emociones y pensamientos de confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo. El propósito de este estudio fue adaptar el AEQ al español con una muestra de 509 deportistas españoles. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis factorial confirmatorio, replicándose el modelo original de cuatro factores (confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo). Todos los parámetros estimados fueron estadísticamente significativos y el ajuste general del modelo fue aceptable, alcanzando los índices de bondad de ajuste los valores mínimos requeridos. Los valores de alfa de Cronbach de cada factor también fueron satisfactorios con valores por encima de .70. Con estos datos, se puede concluir que la versión española de AEQ ofrece propiedades psicométricas similares a la versión original. Por ello, al disponer de una herramienta de medida adecuada, esto permitirá a los investigadores realizar estudios en el contexto español para identificar factores personales y situacionales que contribuyen al engagement

Validación preliminar de una versión española del Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ)

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach´s alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagementThis research has been carried out thanks to the economic support of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project PSI2014-56935-P)S

A Follow-Up Study of Cognitive Development in Low Risk Preterm Children

The results of a longitudinal study on the cognitive development of one group of full-term and three groups of low risk preterm children with different gestational ages (GA) are presented. The 181 participants were divided into four GA groups of similar size. The aims were: 1) To check if there are differences in cognitive development (measured through the Batelle scale) among the GA groups. 2) To establish the predictive factors of cognitive development at 22 and 60 months of age, taking into account biomedical, environmental and individual factors. The results of the repeated measures ANOVA performed at 22 and 60 months of age indicated that the cognitive trajectories of the four GA groups were similar. Linear regression analyses showed that the effect of the different predictors changed in relation to the time of measurement of cognitive development. Biological factors and the quality of home environment had a moderate effect on the cognitive development at 22 months of age. Cognitive results obtained at 22 months of age, and, to a lesser extent, working memory had the greatest effect on cognitive development at 60 months. GA does not predict cognitive development. Preterm children do not show cognitive delay if they are healthyThis research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of the Spanish Government, grants number PSI2008-03905, PSI2011-23210 and PSI2015-66697-R to the first authorS

The Relationship between Motivation and Burnout in Athletes and the Mediating Role of Engagement

The purpose of our research was to analyze the relationship among motivation, burnout, and engagement in sports. Five hundred athletes of both sexes from multiple sports modalities took part, with a mean age of 17.39 years (SD = 4.60). The instruments applied were as follows: Spanish versions of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Pearson correlations showed that motivation is negatively related to burnout and positively to engagement, while burnout and engagement are inversely related to each other. Through structural equation modeling, it was shown that engagement has a mediating role between motivation and burnout. Furthermore, there are no gender differences in this relationship, although there are differences between athletes who practice individual sports and those who practice collective sports. Encouraging high levels of self-determined motivation can help to increase athletes’ degree of engagement and protect them against burnout and sport withdrawalThis work was supported by the following research project: Consolidación 2019 GPC GI-1456 Comportamiento Social y Psicometría Aplicada—COSOYPA, Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional, Xunta de Galicia (grant number: ED431B 2019/0)S