Determinación del flujo de calor a partir de sondeos petroleros en la Cuenca Catalano-Balear

A method using information from oil wells has been applied to calculate heat flow at seven oil wells in the Valencia trough, a Neogene extensional basin located in the western Mediterranean. Most of these weils penetrate the Cenozoic sedimentary cover and the underlying Mesozoic sequences and the Paleozoic basement. The basic data set consists of well logs, rock samples including cuttings and cores, and bottom hole (BHT) and dril1 stem test (DST) temperature data. Thermal conductivity of the rock matrix is determined from the conductivities and volumetric fractions of its mineral components by using a geometrical mean model. The in-situ thermal conductivity profile is then obtained as a function of porosity, and it is corrected for in-situ temperature conditions. The sonic log has been used to estimate the porosity profile, which has been corrected depending on the clay content of the formation. Finally, vertical heat flow variation is calculated at every well by combining bulk thermal conductivity profile and geothermal gradients.The bulk thermal conductivity has been shown to be very sensitive to lithologic and porosity changes, with values that vary from 1.5 W m-K-' for shales with over 40 percent porosity, to about 4.3 W m-' K-' for dolomites and consolidated quartz-rich sandstones that constitute the basement. The maximum thermal conductivity values are attained for the basement materials and are due to the low porosity (caused by compaction and burial) and to the high matrix conductivities of Mesozoic carbonates and sandstones. The mean bulk thermal conductivity of the sediments is found to be about 2 W m-' K-l. Therefore, a thermal blanketing effect is likely to occur due to the conductivity contrast between the sedimentary cover and the underlying basement. This effect, which has been neglected in previous models of the thermal evolution of the Valencia trough, probably has acted to slow down post-extensional lithospheric cooling and to reduce tectonic subsidence.A regional thermal gradient of 3612 "C km-' is obtained from the available temperature data. This value is siightly lower than that estimated from a set of wells in the southwestern part of the basin. The calculated heat flow values are highly scattered, the maximum value being located in the southwestern part of the basin. As a consequence, the resulting heat flow agrees with the increase towards the SW previously observed in the Valencia trough. The mean heat flow value in the study area is determined to be 85-90 mW m-2. Although thermal conductivity could be overestimated, this value is too high to be just a consequence of the rifting process in the Valencia trough, since most of the wells considered are located in the northernmost part of the basin. The thermal effect of groundwater circulation is proposed to be in part responsible for the positive and negative thermal gradient anomalies.Fracturing and karstification, which has been widely recognized in the Mesozoic carbonates in the basement, together with the temperature data and porosity results, support this hypothesis

Comparing corporate social responsibility discourses in the letter to shareholders: the case of british and spanish banks

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has now been incorporated into mainstream corporate reporting in most sectors. However, there are still differences between countries in the amount and type of CSR reported, and the way in which CSR is understood. This article presents a methodology for comparing CSR reporting which could be used in business communication or business English courses, particularly in the context of project work. The methodology is demonstrated through a comparison of the chairman’s letter or statement from all the FTSElisted UK and IBEX-listed Spanish banks in 2018. Quantitative analysis reveals a more homogeneous and balanced picture across UK banks, suggesting that a broader concept of CSR has been incorporated into reporting conventions, while the Spanish banks show an uneven picture. In particular, UK banks gave greater prominence to issues of accountability and employee welfare than the Spanish banks. Discourse analysis of representative examples brings to light various strategies used in both groups to target different stakeholders with potentially contradictory attitudes to CSR, and to offset potential criticism

Evidence for a Bis(Elongated s)-Dihydrideborate Coordinated to Osmium

The formation and Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analysis of osmium(IV) and osmium(II) complexes containing dihydrideborate groups and primary aminoborane ligands are reported. Complex OsH6(PiPr3)2 (1) loses a hydrogen molecule and the resulting unsaturated OsH4(PiPr3)2 species coordinates 9-borabicycle[3.3.1]nonane (HBbn) and pinacolborane (HBpin) to give the dihydrideborate derivatives OsH3{¿2-H, H-(H2BR2)}(PiPr3)2 (BR2 = Bbn (2), Bpin (3)). The bonding situation in these compounds and in the related osmium(II) derivative Os(Bcat){¿2-H, H-(H2Bcat)}(CO)(PiPr3)2 (4) (HBcat = catecholborane) has been analyzed by the AIM method. The Laplacian distributions in the Os-H-B plane exhibit a four-membered cyclic topology possessing two Os-H and two B-H bond critical points associated with one OsHHB ring critical point, which resembles that found for B2H6. The tetrahydride OsH4(PiPr3)2 also coordinates catecholborane, which initially affords OsH3{¿2-H, H-(H2Bcat)}(PiPr3)2 (5). In contrast to 2 and 3, complex 5 reacts with a second molecule of HBcat to give the elongated s-borane-{bis(elongated s)-dihydrideborate}-osmium(II) derivative OsH(¿3-H2Bcat)(¿2-HBcat)(PiPr3)2 (6). Complexes 5 and 6 have been also analyzed via the AIM method. Complex 5 displays the same topology as complexes 2-4. However, the OsH2B unit of 6 shows, besides the Os-H and B-H bond critical points, an additional Os-B bond critical point, which is associated with a bond path running between these atoms. This double triangular topology is completed with the respective ring critical points. Reactions of 1 with dimethylamine-borane (H3B·NHMe2) and tert-butylamine-borane (H3B·NH2 tBu) give OsH2(¿2:¿2-H2BNR2)(PiPr3)2 (NR2 = NMe2 (7), NHtBu (8)). The AIM analyses of 7 and 8 also reveal the occurrence of an Os-B bond critical point associated with a bond path running between those atoms. However, neither Os-H bond critical points nor bond paths are observed in the latter species

Caractérisation des systèmes de production ovine dans la zone de "Sierra del Segura y la Sagra", Espagne

[FR] Le présent article se propose d¿analyser les caractéristiques les plus saillantes du secteur ovin dans une partie de la zone géographique sous Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) "Cordero de Segura y la Sagra". Une enquête a été menée sur 93 propriétaires d¿élevages, dans l'objectif de connaître la situation du secteur dans cette zone. Les questions concernaient les sujets suivants: caractéristiques du troupeau, âge, niveau d'études, ouvriers à la ferme, continuité des activités de la ferme. La taille moyenne du troupeau est de 378 animaux et la race "Segureña" est prédominante (99%). Dans 93,4% des cas l¿éleveur travaille à temps plein dans l¿exploitation et le revenu principal est la vente d¿agneaux pour la viande, mais seulement 9,7% des éleveurs font partie d¿une coopérative pour la commercialisation. L'âge moyen du fermier est de 50 ans et 87,1% des éleveurs n¿ont pas d¿études ou de faible niveau. La moyenne du travail employé est de 1,31 UTA, essentiellement de type familial. Seulement dans 12% des cas il existe une sécurité de la continuité de l'activité. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu'il est nécessaire de parvenir à de meilleures conditions socioéconomiques pour les exploitations dans la zone étudiée. L'IGP "Cordero de Segura y la Sagra" pourrait être utile pour améliorer ces aspects.[EN] The aim of this study is to present the basic characteristics which define the sheep systems in some zones of the PGI Cordero de Segura y la Sagra protected area, in order to bring about actions to improve the competitiveness of such systems. A survey has been conducted among 93 farm owners. The questionnaire included questions regarding herd characteristics, age, educational level, workers, and continuity of the farm activity. The average herd size is 378 animals and the Segureña breed sheep is predominant (99 percent). In 93.5 percent of cases the owner works full time on the farm and the main economic benefit is the sale of lambs for meat, but only 9.7 percent of farmers belong to some kind of marketing cooperative. The average farmer's age is 50 years old and a high percentage (87.1 percent) has no education or a very basic one. The year work unit (YWU) is 1.31 and the work is mainly of family type. In only 12 percent of the cases the continuity of the activity is assured. The above analysed aspects show that it is necessary to achieve better socioeconomic conditions of farms. The PGI Cordero de Segura y la Sagra could be useful to improve these aspects. Therefore we suggest that the PGI must be promoted among farmers, especially among young people.Navarro-Ríos, M.; Marín-Bernal, A.; Martí, A.; Fernández Martínez, CJ. (2011). Characterizacion of Segureña sheep production system in the area of Sierra del Segura y la Sagra, Spain. Options Mediterraneennes. Serie A: Seminaires Mediterraneens. (100):211-216. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/107315S21121610

General bounds on non-standard neutrino interactions

We derive model-independent bounds on production and detection non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI). We find that the constraints for NSI parameters are around O(10^{-2}) to O(10^{-1}). Furthermore, we review and update the constraints on matter NSI. We conclude that the bounds on production and detection NSI are generally one order of magnitude stronger than their matter counterparts.Comment: 18 pages, revtex4, 1 axodraw figure. Minor changes, matches published versio

Comunicar emociones en el discurso metapolítico de twitter: el caso de #MADURO versus @NICOLASMADURO

Redes sociales, como Twitter o Facebook, están permitiendo un espacio esencial para el desarrollo del debate político. En este estudio, investigamos cómo se comunican las emociones en este entorno público prestando una especial atención a qué emociones emergen, qué estimulo las provoca, y con qué objetivo y de qué modo se comunican. Se analiza un corpus de 1353 tuits, que contiene #Maduro (Subcorpus1) o NicolasMaduro (Subcorpus2). Estos tuits se publicaron el 24 de julio de 2017, fecha equidistante entre el 16 de julio, día en que la oposición a Maduro convoca un referéndum y, el 30 julio, día de la votación oficial para la Asamblea Constituyente. A través de la lectura directa de tuits y combinando el método cuantitativo y cualitativo, demostramos que las emociones son una parte esencial de esta red y, entre ellas, las más frecuentes son ‘ira’ y ‘temor’.Social networks, such as Twitter or Facebook, are providing an essential space for the development of political debate. In this study, we investigate how the emotions are communicated in this public sphere, paying special attention to emotions, stimulus, purpose and style. We analyse a corpus of 1353 tweets, which contain #Maduro (Subcorpus1) or NicolasMaduro (Subcorpus2). These tweets were published on July 24, 2017, a date between July 16 -when the opposition to Maduro convened a referendum- and, on July 30 -the day of the official vote for the Constituent Assembly. Through the direct reading of tweets and using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, we demonstrate that the emotions are an essential part of this network and, among them, the most frequent are anger and fear

Estudio comparativo preliminar de la entonación de Canarias, Cuba y Venezuela. [RESEÑA]

Dorta, Josefa, ed. Estudio comparativo preliminar de la entonación de Canarias, Cuba y Venezuela. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: La Página Ediciones, 2013. 289 pp. (ISBN: 978-84- 15607-16-8