12 research outputs found
Policy Reform on Poultry Industry in Indonesia
The Indonesian poultry industry is a key sector for the national economy, supplying 65% of all
animal protein and employing 10% of the national labour force. All over the country, though local
production successfully copes with domestic demand, the potential for growth is high, consistent
with expectations of rising GDP per capita. The market looks healthy and attractive, which has
resulted in this gradual entry of new foreign groups. In past decades, the production process has
evolved and modernized. The market is dominated by five main players—three foreign companies
operating in feed production and two in day-old chick production.
Even though expectations for the industry are strongly positive, prices for both broiler chicken
and eggs are consistently higher in Indonesia than in Europe and America. From March–October
2018, Indonesian broiler chicken meat cost an average of about IDR 40,500/kg, while in the EU
the price was around IDR 32,600/kg (+24%). Over the same period, the average egg price in
Indonesia was around IDR 28,000/kg, compared to just above IDR 21,000/kg (+33%) in the EU.
The differences in price are partially due to differences in demand and supply—Indonesia is a
Muslim country, so the demand for chicken meat may be stronger than in countries with higher
pork consumption. However, Indonesia’s higher prices are surprising given lower production
costs. In Indonesia, farm salaries are lower than in Europe. In addition, the EU banned egg layer
battery cages in 2012, forcing layer farmers to decrease bird density and therefore to implement
more expensive methods of production, pushing up egg production costs. So production costs are
higher in the EU, but consumer prices are lower.
Price differences can also be explained in part by general market conditions in the EU and
Indonesia. While the European market is a mature one, the constant growth in Indonesia,
supported by growing demand, is an important element keeping prices high.
While many economic factors are out of Indonesia’s control, prices are also affected by Indonesian
public policy. Therefore, we propose policy modifications that aim to support sound growth of the
industry, which might be accompanied by lower prices. The first important act would be to resolve
conflicts between existing regulations, in particular between Regulation of the Minister of Trade
(MOT) 21/2018 and Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture (MOA) 57/2015 on the ministerial
recommendation letter for maize import and maize import rights.
Our second suggestion, related to MOA 26/2016, is to liberalize parent stock1 imports, enabling
poultry producers to more freely implement sound entrepreneurial strategies rather than relying
on incorrect government estimations. At the same time, we believe that it is necessary to open
Indonesia to the international market for maize, rather than using trade protections to force local
production. Current regulations have driven domestic maize prices incredibly high compared to
the international price. Since maize is the main component of poultry feed, and feed is in turn the
major cost in Indonesian poultry production, free access to international markets would heavily
and positively affect production costs in the poultry industry, helping prices to cool down.
Finally, the government could play an important role in improving infrastructure, which, at the
moment, burdens the industry—particularly in the case of transporting raw materials for feed
from the ports to the mills. An improvement in road infrastructure would also allow the transport
of heavy machinery, further boosting modernization of the poultry industr
Reformasi Kebijakan pada Industri Unggas di Indonesia
Industri unggas di Indonesia adalah sektor utama bagi perekonomian nasional, yang memasok 65% protein hewani dan mempekerjakan 10% tenaga kerja nasional. Meskipun produksi lokal berhasil memenuhi permintaan domestik, potensi pertumbuhannya tetap tinggi di seluruh Indonesia dan secara konsisten sesuai dengan ekspektasi kenaikan PDB per kapita. Hal ini menyebabkan pasar menjadi sehat serta menarik dan membuat perusahaan asing baru masuk secara berkala. Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, proses produksi telah berevolusi dan dimodernisasi. Pasar didominasi oleh lima pemain utama—tiga perusahaan asing yang beroperasi memproduksi pakan ternak dan dua perusahaan memproduksi anak ayam umur sehari (DOC). Meskipun ekspektasi terhadap industri ini sangat positif, harga ayam broiler dan telur di Indonesia secara konsisten lebih tinggi daripada di Eropa dan Amerika.
Dari bulan Maret– Oktober 2018, harga daging ayam broiler di Indonesia rata-rata sekitar Rp40.500/kg, sedangkan di Uni Eropa harganya sekitar Rp32.600/kg (+24%). Dalam periode yang sama, harga rata-rata telur di Indonesia adalah sekitar Rp28.000/kg, sedangkan harga telur di Uni Eropa adalah sebesar Rp21.000/kg (+33%). Perbedaan harga ini sebagian disebabkan oleh perbedaan permintaan dan penawaran—Indonesia adalah negara Muslim, jadi permintaan daging ayam lebih besar daripada di negara-negara dengan konsumsi daging babi yang lebih tinggi. Namun, yang mengejutkan adalah harga di Indonesia lebih tinggi meskipun biaya produksi lebih rendah. Upah petani di Indonesia lebih rendah daripada di Eropa. Selain itu, pada tahun 2012 Uni Eropa melarang ayam petelur yang dikandangkan. Hal ini memaksa para peternak ayam petelur untuk mengurangi kepadatan unggas dan menerapkan metode produksi yang lebih mahal, sehingga mendorong biaya produksi telur naik. Biaya produksi di Uni Eropa lebih tinggi, tetapi harga konsumen lebih rendah. Perbedaan harga ini sebagian juga disebabkan oleh kondisi pasar umum di UE dan Indonesia.
Sementara pasar Eropa adalah pasar yang matang, pertumbuhan berkelanjutan di Indonesia yang didukung oleh peningkatan permintaan, menjadi elemen penting yang menyebabkan harga tetap tinggi. Sementara banyak faktor ekonomi berada di luar kendali Indonesia, harga juga dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan publik Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, kami mengusulkan modifikasi kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan industri yang sehat, yang dapat disertai juga dengan harga yang lebih rendah. Tindakan penting pertama adalah menyelaraskan peraturan yang ada, khususnya Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan (Permendag) Nomor 21 Tahun 2018 dan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian (Permentan) Nomor 57 Tahun 2015 tentang surat rekomendasi menteri untuk impor jagung dan hak impor jagung. Saran kedua kami, terkait dengan Permentan Nomor 26 Tahun 2016, adalah untuk membebaskan impor stok induk,1 yang memungkinkan produsen unggas untuk lebih bebas menerapkan strategi kewirausahaan yang sehat daripada mengandalkan estimasi pemerintah yang salah. Pada saat yang sama, kami percaya bahwa Indonesia perlu untuk terjun ke pasar jagung internasional, alih-alih menjalankan kebijakan perdagangan proteksionis untuk menggenjot produksi lokal. Peraturan saat ini telah mendorong harga jagung domestik menjadi sangat tinggi dibandingkan dengan harga internasional. Karena jagung adalah komponen utama pakan unggas, dan pakan unggas merupakan biaya terbesar dalam produksi unggas di Indonesia, akses bebas ke pasar internasional akan secara positif sangat memengaruhi biaya produksi di industri unggas sehingga dapat membantu harga menjadi lebih rendah. Terakhir, pemerintah dapat memainkan peran penting dalam memperbaiki infrastruktur, yang pada saat ini membebani industri—terutama dalam hal pengiriman bahan mentah untuk pakan ternak dari pelabuhan ke pabrik. Perbaikan infrastruktur jalan juga akan memungkinkan pengangkutan alat berat, yang selanjutnya mendorong modernisasi industri unggas.Industri unggas di Indonesia adalah sektor utama bagi perekonomian nasional, yang memasok
65% protein hewani dan mempekerjakan 10% tenaga kerja nasional. Meskipun produksi
lokal berhasil memenuhi permintaan domestik, potensi pertumbuhannya tetap tinggi di
seluruh Indonesia dan secara konsisten sesuai dengan ekspektasi kenaikan PDB per kapita.
Hal ini menyebabkan pasar menjadi sehat serta menarik dan membuat perusahaan asing
baru masuk secara berkala. Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, proses produksi telah berevolusi
dan dimodernisasi. Pasar didominasi oleh lima pemain utama—tiga perusahaan asing yang
beroperasi memproduksi pakan ternak dan dua perusahaan memproduksi anak ayam umur
sehari (DOC).
Meskipun ekspektasi terhadap industri ini sangat positif, harga ayam broiler dan telur di
Indonesia secara konsisten lebih tinggi daripada di Eropa dan Amerika. Dari bulan Maret–
Oktober 2018, harga daging ayam broiler di Indonesia rata-rata sekitar Rp40.500/kg, sedangkan
di Uni Eropa harganya sekitar Rp32.600/kg (+24%). Dalam periode yang sama, harga rata-rata
telur di Indonesia adalah sekitar Rp28.000/kg, sedangkan harga telur di Uni Eropa adalah
sebesar Rp21.000/kg (+33%). Perbedaan harga ini sebagian disebabkan oleh perbedaan
permintaan dan penawaran—Indonesia adalah negara Muslim, jadi permintaan daging ayam
lebih besar daripada di negara-negara dengan konsumsi daging babi yang lebih tinggi. Namun,
yang mengejutkan adalah harga di Indonesia lebih tinggi meskipun biaya produksi lebih rendah.
Upah petani di Indonesia lebih rendah daripada di Eropa. Selain itu, pada tahun 2012 Uni Eropa
melarang ayam petelur yang dikandangkan. Hal ini memaksa para peternak ayam petelur untuk
mengurangi kepadatan unggas dan menerapkan metode produksi yang lebih mahal, sehingga
mendorong biaya produksi telur naik. Biaya produksi di Uni Eropa lebih tinggi, tetapi harga
konsumen lebih rendah.
Perbedaan harga ini sebagian juga disebabkan oleh kondisi pasar umum di UE dan Indonesia.
Sementara pasar Eropa adalah pasar yang matang, pertumbuhan berkelanjutan di Indonesia
yang didukung oleh peningkatan permintaan, menjadi elemen penting yang menyebabkan
harga tetap tinggi.
Sementara banyak faktor ekonomi berada di luar kendali Indonesia, harga juga dipengaruhi
oleh kebijakan publik Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, kami mengusulkan modifikasi kebijakan yang
bertujuan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan industri yang sehat, yang dapat disertai juga dengan
harga yang lebih rendah. Tindakan penting pertama adalah menyelaraskan peraturan yang ada,
khususnya Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan (Permendag) Nomor 21 Tahun 2018 dan Peraturan
Menteri Pertanian (Permentan) Nomor 57 Tahun 2015 tentang surat rekomendasi menteri untuk
impor jagung dan hak impor jagung.
Saran kedua kami, terkait dengan Permentan Nomor 26 Tahun 2016, adalah untuk membebaskan
impor stok induk,1 yang memungkinkan produsen unggas untuk lebih bebas menerapkan strategi
kewirausahaan yang sehat daripada mengandalkan estimasi pemerintah yang salah. Pada saat
yang sama, kami percaya bahwa Indonesia perlu untuk terjun ke pasar jagung internasional, alih-alih menjalankan kebijakan perdagangan proteksionis untuk menggenjot produksi lokal.
Peraturan saat ini telah mendorong harga jagung domestik menjadi sangat tinggi dibandingkan
dengan harga internasional. Karena jagung adalah komponen utama pakan unggas, dan pakan
unggas merupakan biaya terbesar dalam produksi unggas di Indonesia, akses bebas ke pasar
internasional akan secara positif sangat memengaruhi biaya produksi di industri unggas
sehingga dapat membantu harga menjadi lebih rendah.
Terakhir, pemerintah dapat memainkan peran penting dalam memperbaiki infrastruktur, yang
pada saat ini membebani industri—terutama dalam hal pengiriman bahan mentah untuk pakan
ternak dari pelabuhan ke pabrik. Perbaikan infrastruktur jalan juga akan memungkinkan
pengangkutan alat berat, yang selanjutnya mendorong modernisasi industri unggas
Policy Reform on Poultry Industry in Indonesia
The Indonesian poultry industry is a key sector for the national economy, supplying 65% of all
animal protein and employing 10% of the national labour force. All over the country, though local
production successfully copes with domestic demand, the potential for growth is high, consistent
with expectations of rising GDP per capita. The market looks healthy and attractive, which has
resulted in this gradual entry of new foreign groups. In past decades, the production process has
evolved and modernized. The market is dominated by five main players—three foreign companies
operating in feed production and two in day-old chick production.
Even though expectations for the industry are strongly positive, prices for both broiler chicken
and eggs are consistently higher in Indonesia than in Europe and America. From March–October
2018, Indonesian broiler chicken meat cost an average of about IDR 40,500/kg, while in the EU
the price was around IDR 32,600/kg (+24%). Over the same period, the average egg price in
Indonesia was around IDR 28,000/kg, compared to just above IDR 21,000/kg (+33%) in the EU.
The differences in price are partially due to differences in demand and supply—Indonesia is a
Muslim country, so the demand for chicken meat may be stronger than in countries with higher
pork consumption. However, Indonesia’s higher prices are surprising given lower production
costs. In Indonesia, farm salaries are lower than in Europe. In addition, the EU banned egg layer
battery cages in 2012, forcing layer farmers to decrease bird density and therefore to implement
more expensive methods of production, pushing up egg production costs. So production costs are
higher in the EU, but consumer prices are lower.
Price differences can also be explained in part by general market conditions in the EU and
Indonesia. While the European market is a mature one, the constant growth in Indonesia,
supported by growing demand, is an important element keeping prices high.
While many economic factors are out of Indonesia’s control, prices are also affected by Indonesian
public policy. Therefore, we propose policy modifications that aim to support sound growth of the
industry, which might be accompanied by lower prices. The first important act would be to resolve
conflicts between existing regulations, in particular between Regulation of the Minister of Trade
(MOT) 21/2018 and Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture (MOA) 57/2015 on the ministerial
recommendation letter for maize import and maize import rights.
Our second suggestion, related to MOA 26/2016, is to liberalize parent stock1 imports, enabling
poultry producers to more freely implement sound entrepreneurial strategies rather than relying
on incorrect government estimations. At the same time, we believe that it is necessary to open
Indonesia to the international market for maize, rather than using trade protections to force local
production. Current regulations have driven domestic maize prices incredibly high compared to
the international price. Since maize is the main component of poultry feed, and feed is in turn the
major cost in Indonesian poultry production, free access to international markets would heavily
and positively affect production costs in the poultry industry, helping prices to cool down.
Finally, the government could play an important role in improving infrastructure, which, at the
moment, burdens the industry—particularly in the case of transporting raw materials for feed
from the ports to the mills. An improvement in road infrastructure would also allow the transport
of heavy machinery, further boosting modernization of the poultry industr
The evolution of the mantle source beneath Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy): from the 600 ka tholeiites to the recent trachybasaltic magmas
The spatial/temporal proximity of Mt. Etna to the Hyblean Plateau and the Aeolian slab makes the discussion on the nature of its mantle source/s extremely controversial. In this study, a detailed geochemical overview of the entire Mt. Etna evolutionary sequence and a comparison with the
magmatism of the Hyblean Plateau was proposed to: (i) simulate the composition of Mt. Etna tholeiitic to alkaline primitive magmas in equilibrium with a fertile mantle source; (ii) model the nature, composition and evolution of the mantle source from the tholeiitic stage (600 ka) to present magmatism. According to our simulations, two amphibole + phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite sources are able to explain the wide range of Etnean primary magmas. The enrichment in LILE, 87Sr/86Sr, Rb and H2O of the magmas emitted after 1971 (but also discontinuously generated in both historic and prehistoric times) are caused by different melting proportions of amphibole and phlogopite in a modally and compositionally homogeneous mantle domain, with melting degrees analogous to those required to produce magmas erupted prior to 1971. The behaviour of the hydrous phases during melting could be ascribed to a variable H2O/CO2 activity in the mantle source, in turn related to the heat/fluxes supply from the asthenospheric upwelling beneath Mt. Etna. All these considerations, strengthened by numerical models, are then merged to review the complex Pliocene/Lower Pleistocene to present day’s geodynamic evolution of eastern Sicily
Muography as a new complementary tool in monitoring volcanic hazard:implications for early warning systems
Abstract
Muography uses muons naturally produced in the interactions between cosmic rays and atmosphere for imaging and characterization of density differences and time-sequential changes in solid (e.g. rocks) and liquid (e.g. melts ± dissolved gases) materials in scales from tens of metres to up to a few kilometres. In addition to being useful in discovering the secrets of the pyramids, ore prospecting and surveillance of nuclear sites, muography successfully images the internal structure of volcanoes. Several field campaigns have demonstrated that muography can image density changes relating to magma ascent and descent, magma flow rate, magma degassing, the shape of the magma body, an empty conduit diameter, hydrothermal activity and major fault lines. In addition, muography is applied for long-term volcano monitoring in a few selected volcanoes around the world. We propose using muography in volcano monitoring in conjunction with other existing techniques for predicting volcanic hazards. This approach can provide an early indication of a possible future eruption and potentially the first estimate of its scale by producing direct evidence of magma ascent through its conduit in real time. Knowing these issues as early as possible buy critically important time for those responsible for the local alarm and evacuation protocols