Transnational Spaces within the European Union: the geographies of British migrants in France

Mark Wise was also Director of Studies to this thesis (2007-2009), prior to his retirement.Tensions exist in the way that the European Union is conceptualised. How do we reconcile the persistence of a Europe of fragmented nation-states and the European integration project based on the principle of free movement? This duality is indicative of different geographical visions: between space defined as places and space defined as unifying flows. While places tend to be associated with fixed territories and borders, it is argued that complex global flows and connections may disrupt such notions. Addressing these theoretical tensions, this thesis examines transnational frameworks for discussing the reconfiguration of borders and spaces within the European Union. The aim of this research is to explore the extent to which European Union citizens, with freedom of movement, experience mobility between member states in a frictionless manner. The thesis adopts a “bottom-up” approach of migrants’ experiences and perceptions of internal borders, as barriers or opportunities to their movement and settlement. This is illustrated through the case of Britons resident in France. The thesis draws on data generated through qualitative methods, including fifty-three in-depth interviews undertaken in an ethnographic setting. The case study demonstrates how a frictionless European space does not exist for ordinary European Union citizens, for a variety of political, legal, economic and socio-cultural reasons. The analysis reveals how Britons recreate (national) state borders, by adapting to French politico-legal structures, and identifying boundaries between “us” and “them”. The thesis also identifies how transnational spaces are created through immigrants’ social networks. By exploring the everyday lives of intra-EU migrants, the thesis contributes to literature on British migrants in France, and provides an original contribution to studies of EU integration, focused on ordinary citizens on the move

Finding the Time: Age-Depth Models in Rockshelters and Their Paleoenvironmental Implications

Rockshelters are capable of preserving excellent environmental records within their sediments. But the matter of interpreting an environmental record from rockshelter sediments presents a significant hurdle in the form of dating. An “age-depth model” is typically used to estimate the age of environmental information extending through the deposit. An age-depth model calculates the changes in time between direct ages (like a radiocarbon age) and can provide an estimated age for any depth. While radiocarbon dating can provide an age for organic remains, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) can provide a direct age on quartz sand deposition and is particularly effective when applied to deposits formed by the wind. This study compares radiocarbon and OSL age-depth models from Last Canyon Cave (LCC) in the Pryor Mountains of south-central Montana. While radiocarbon ages are quite frequently used to construct age-depth models, it is possible they fail to provide accurate ages for the environmental material they aim to date. I re-evaluated the stratigraphy at LCC and then collected OSL samples as well as samples for grain-size analysis from three different sedimentary exposures. Radiocarbon ages had already been produced for one of the exposures (Kornfeld et al. 2012). The OSL samples were most reliable when analyzed on a single-grain level. After creating age-depth models and collecting the grain-size data, I applied ages to all of the grain-size samples according to each of the three age-depth models. Ultimately, the single-grain OSL proved to be fundamentally different than the radiocarbon age-depth model, thereby challenging the current paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the site (Minckley et al. 2015). I conclude that the radiocarbon and single-grain OSL age-depth models were not sufficiently similar, and therefore both dating methods should always be used together when investigating deposits in rockshelters in order to understand how they relate to one another and to the site formation. The use of granulometry also proved to be an important part of reconstruction site formation history. Ultimately, both single-grain OSL and granulometry were determined to be essential parts of studying environmental records in sedimentary deposits in rockshelters

Political agency, electioneering, municipalities

With the introduction of EU citizenship in 1992, intra-EU migrants were enfranchised at the local level: to vote and stand for election as councillors in municipal elections within their country of residence. In this chapter, the consequences are examined for Britons residing in Alicante, Spain, and South West France. The chapter examines who became municipal councillors, why, and to what effect. The two British migrant groups are compared: what was common, what different, and for what reasons. Across the two locations, morality and social belonging are consequences of migrants’ political agency. It is argued that their habitus remains largely unchanged

Cycling, bread and circuses? When Le Tour came to Yorkshire and what it left behind

In the summer of 2014, there was no way of getting away from it: Le Tour de France was coming to Yorkshire. The message from tourism was that this was great for Yorkshire because businesses would be making money; politicians were also telling local people to feel happy that they had won the right to host Le Tour. In this paper, I will reflect on what happened when Le Tour came to Yorkshire through an analysis of newspaper reports, photographs taken by myself two years on from the two days Le Tour arrived in Yorkshire, and an auto-ethnographic account of what it was like to be there. I will argue that Le Tour allowed local communities to embrace a cosmopolitan European identity alongside their existing northern English or Yorkshire identities, and that the race itself allowed spectators to be proud about the northern English landscape through which the cyclists battled

Technological frames and the politics of automated electric light rail rapid transit in Poland and the United Kingdom

Light Rapid Transit (LRT) systems are often backed not only because they satisfy basic mobility functions, but because they can revitalize urban centers, affirm the legitimacy of state planners, support innovation and even cultivate an image of a city or region as progressive and modern. In this study, we argue that electrified, automated LRT systems can fulfill private functional frames, private symbolic frames, societal functional frames, and societal symbolic frames. In particular, we argue that light rail can fulfill private functional frames (making passengers feel safe, offering a cheap and efficient mode of transport), private symbolic frames (signifying political identity or exclusionary planning), societal functional frames (environmental stewardship), and societal symbolic frames (such as modernism or innovativeness). Essentially, these frames encompass not only what light rail is and does, but what it means and represents, and even some of its failures and challenges. The article then identifies ten specific frames associated with two case studies of automated light rail systems, the established Docklands Light Rail (DLR) in the United Kingdom, and the emerging Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) in Poland. We find that the DLR is not only a vital part of meeting (functional) demand for mobility, it is innovative and exciting to ride, legitimation of a conservative approach to project development, a social injustice (to some), an environmentally friendly alternative to cars, and a perceived magnet for global investment into the greater Docklands area. Similarly, the PRT is not only a reliable and safe mode of transit, but also a technical marvel, a monopoly breaking symbol, a clean and sustainable form of mobility, and a reflection of progressive Polish innovation and entrepreneurship (or enduring failure)

Prospective, multicentre study of screening, investigation and management of hyponatraemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage in the UK and Ireland

Background: Hyponatraemia often occurs after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). However, its clinical significance and optimal management are uncertain. We audited the screening, investigation and management of hyponatraemia after SAH. Methods: We prospectively identified consecutive patients with spontaneous SAH admitted to neurosurgical units in the United Kingdom or Ireland. We reviewed medical records daily from admission to discharge, 21 days or death and extracted all measurements of serum sodium to identify hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L). Main outcomes were death/dependency at discharge or 21 days and admission duration >10 days. Associations of hyponatraemia with outcome were assessed using logistic regression with adjustment for predictors of outcome after SAH and admission duration. We assessed hyponatraemia-free survival using multivariable Cox regression. Results: 175/407 (43%) patients admitted to 24 neurosurgical units developed hyponatraemia. 5976 serum sodium measurements were made. Serum osmolality, urine osmolality and urine sodium were measured in 30/166 (18%) hyponatraemic patients with complete data. The most frequently target daily fluid intake was >3 L and this did not differ during hyponatraemic or non-hyponatraemic episodes. 26% (n/N=42/164) patients with hyponatraemia received sodium supplementation. 133 (35%) patients were dead or dependent within the study period and 240 (68%) patients had hospital admission for over 10 days. In the multivariable analyses, hyponatraemia was associated with less dependency (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.35 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.69)) but longer admissions (aOR=3.2 (1.8 to 5.7)). World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade I–III, modified Fisher 2–4 and posterior circulation aneurysms were associated with greater hazards of hyponatraemia. Conclusions: In this comprehensive multicentre prospective-adjusted analysis of patients with SAH, hyponatraemia was investigated inconsistently and, for most patients, was not associated with changes in management or clinical outcome. This work establishes a basis for the development of evidence-based SAH-specific guidance for targeted screening, investigation and management of high-risk patients to minimise the impact of hyponatraemia on admission duration and to improve consistency of patient care

Acts of European citizenship: how Britons resident in France have been negotiating post-Brexit futures

On 23 June 2016 a referendum decided that the United Kingdom (UK) would leave the European Union (EU) - a process popularly termed 'Brexit'. Withdrawal from the EU will revoke Britons of EU citizenship and its associated rights. For many Britons living in France, Brexit has brought uncertainty over their future rights and lives, with little assurance from the UK Government. This article argues that Brexit is a moment of rupture in taken-for-granted ideas about citizenship. Drawing on interviews and ethnographic research among Britons in France, the article examines how they have been responding to Brexit through 'acts of citizenship'. It demonstrates how Britons behave as active citizens, activist citizens and consumer citizens, who variously follow and write scripts as they make claims to future rights and lives in France. The boundaries between these subject positions are increasingly blurred as citizenship is negotiated. The article thus draws links between Brexit, everyday lives and geographical understandings of citizenship

Developing bus rapid transit

Writing on geographical development, James Sidaway (2012:49) asks "how useful is it to talk about the geography of development or of developing countries"? It is a topic that has been discussed at length by academics and practitioners in the field of development studies, yet reverberations seem not to have penetrated certain areas of transport studies despite links between transport, social mobility, poverty alleviation and international development (Hickman, 2014; Hickman et al., 2015; World Bank, 2002). This commentary is concerned with geographies of development conveyed in literature on bus rapid transit (BRT), a bus-based mode of urban transit that has been championed by academics such as Gilbert (2008) and Venter et al. (2018), and organisations such as the World Bank, 2002 ; World Bank, 2004 as a promising investment in poverty-oriented urban development strategies

Acts of European citizenship: how Britons resident in France have been negotiating post-Brexit futures

On 23 June 2016 a referendum decided that the United Kingdom (UK) would leave the European Union (EU) - a process popularly termed 'Brexit'. Withdrawal from the EU will revoke Britons of EU citizenship and its associated rights. For many Britons living in France, Brexit has brought uncertainty over their future rights and lives, with little assurance from the UK Government. This article argues that Brexit is a moment of rupture in taken-for-granted ideas about citizenship. Drawing on interviews and ethnographic research among Britons in France, the article examines how they have been responding to Brexit through 'acts of citizenship'. It demonstrates how Britons behave as active citizens, activist citizens and consumer citizens, who variously follow and write scripts as they make claims to future rights and lives in France. The boundaries between these subject positions are increasingly blurred as citizenship is negotiated. The article thus draws links between Brexit, everyday lives and geographical understandings of citizenship