Microstructural evolution in austenitic stainless steels for extended-life power station applications

Microstructural evolution in austenitic stainless steels for extended life power station application

Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Azoles or Thiazoles with Aryl Thioethers via C–H/C–S Activation

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling via the C_sp²–S bond activation of aryl thioethers and the C–H bond activation of azoles or thiazoles was carried out. Electron-deficient and -rich aryl methyl thioethers and diaryl thioethers can be employed as the coupling partners and the reaction tolerates a range of functional groups including MeO, CF₃, CN, PhCO, CONEt₂, and Py groups

Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Fluorides and Organozinc Reagents

Ni­(PCy₃)₂Cl₂ was demonstrated to effectively catalyze cross-coupling of aryl fluorides and organozinc reagents. Both electron-poor and -rich aryl fluorides can react effectively with nucleophiles including aryl-, methyl-, and benzylzinc chlorides. A wide range of substituents and functional groups are tolerated. In the presence of a directing group, PhC­(O), the reaction is selective for cleavage of the C–F bond <i>ortho</i> to the carbonyl substituent in a difluoroarene

Critical Assessment of the Biomarker Discovery and Classification Methods for Multiclass Metabolomics

Multiclass metabolomics has been widely applied in clinical practice to understand pathophysiological processes involved in disease progression and diagnostic biomarkers of various disorders. In contrast to the binary problem, the multiclass classification problem is more difficult in terms of obtaining reliable and stable results due to the increase in the complexity of determining exact class decision boundaries. In particular, methods of biomarker discovery and classification have a significant effect on the multiclass model because different methods with significantly varied theories produce conflicting results even for the same dataset. However, a systematic assessment for selecting the most appropriate methods of biomarker discovery and classification for multiclass metabolomics is still lacking. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment is essential to measure the suitability of methods in multiclass classification models from multiple perspectives. In this study, five biomarker discovery methods and nine classification methods were assessed based on four benchmark datasets of multiclass metabolomics. The performance assessment of the biomarker discovery and classification methods was performed using three evaluation criteria: assessment a (cluster analysis of sample grouping), assessment b (biomarker consistency in multiple subgroups), and assessment c (accuracy in the classification model). As a result, 13 combining strategies with superior performance were selected under multiple criteria based on these benchmark datasets. In conclusion, superior strategies that performed consistently well are suggested for the discovery of biomarkers and the construction of a classification model for multiclass metabolomics

Glycosyl Cross-Coupling with Diaryliodonium Salts: Access to Aryl <i>C</i>‑Glycosides of Biomedical Relevance

A stereospecific cross-coupling reaction of anomeric nucleophiles with diaryliodonium triflates resulting in the synthesis of aryl C-glycosides is reported. This process capitalizes on a stereoretentive reaction of configurationally stable C1 stannanes and is promoted by a palladium catalyst in the presence of a bulky phosphine ligand that suppresses the undesired β-elimination. The utility of this reaction has been demonstrated in the preparation of a series of C-glycosides derived from common saccharides resulting in exclusive transfer of anomeric configuration from the anomeric nucleophile to the product, and in the synthesis of empagliflozin, a commercial antidiabetic drug

Stereoretentive Intramolecular Glycosyl Cross-Coupling: Development, Scope, and Kinetic Isotope Effect Study

A series of cyclic <i>C</i>-glycosides were synthesized using the palladium-catalyzed stereoretentive intramolecular glycosylation of aryl iodides by employing a bulky phosphine ligand. A variety of functional groups are tolerated in the reaction, and enantioenriched anomeric nucleophiles could be coupled without erosion of optical purity. This study offers a unified method to access both cis- and trans-fused rings by capitalizing on the stereoretentive nature of the Stille reaction. In addition, competition experiments for intermolecular and intramolecular cross-couplings revealed secondary KIEs of 1.43 and 0.81, respectively, suggesting a profoundly different steric congestion at the transition state

Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Arylation of (Benzo)oxazoles or (Benzo)thiazoles with Aryltrimethylammonium Triflates

The C–H arylation of (benzo)­oxazoles or (benzo)­thiazoles with aryltrimethylammonium triflates was carried out via Pd-catalyzed C–H/C–N cleavage. Oxazoles, thiazoles, benzoxazole, and benzothiazole were arylated using activated and deactivated aryltrimethylammonium triflates to give 2-aryl­(benzo)­oxazoles or 2-aryl­(benzo)­thiazoles in reasonable to excellent yields

Energy consumption and efficiency technology measures in European non-residential buildings

Reducing energy consumption in buildings and increasing renewable production are key goals of European policies to achieve a sustainable and competitive low-carbon economy by 2020 and beyond. Non-residential buildings constitute a heterogeneity sector characterized by high energy consumption and various building types, sizes and energy characteristics over Europe. This paper presents the overall results of the data collected by the GreenBuilding Programme (GBP), launched in 2006 to promote and improve energy efficiency in new and existing European non-residential buildings. The GPB involved building owners willing to adopt energy efficiency measures to decrease energy consumption of their buildings by of at least 25%. Based on voluntary participation, hundreds of partners joined the project, which collected data from more than a thousand buildings of different age, size, use and type (such as offices, hotels, and industry). This paper provides an overview of the Programme and its main results up to its completion in 2014. The paper focuses on building characteristics, energy performance, efficiency measures and energy savings, which are globally estimated to be around 985 GWh/year. A more detailed focus is then given to office buildings, which represent the most frequent building category in the Programme. Case studies are presented to show best practices in various countries with consolidated energy efficiency policy strategies. The paper categorises the main technological measures related to envelope, appliances and systems. It shows how a wide range of technologies are becoming an integral part of buildings and how technology plays a major role in exploiting the massive potential benefits of reducing building energy consumptions. The analysis of the results generates a reliable snapshot of European non-residential building stock.JRC.C.2-Energy Efficiency and Renewable

Optimizing the Passenger Air Bag of an Adaptive Restraint System for Multiple Size Occupants

<div><p><b>Objective:</b> The development of the adaptive occupant restraint system (AORS) has led to an innovative way to optimize such systems for multiple size occupants. An AORS consists of multiple units such as adaptive air bags, seat belts, etc. During a collision, as a supplemental protective device, air bags can provide constraint force and play a role in dissipating the crash energy of the occupants’ head and thorax. This article presents an investigation into an adaptive passenger air bag (PAB).</p><p><b>Methods:</b> The purpose of this study is to develop a base shape of a PAB for different size occupants using an optimization method. Four typical base shapes of a PAB were designed based on geometric data on the passenger side. Then 4 PAB finite element (FE) models and a validated sled with different size dummy models were developed in MADYMO (TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands) to conduct the optimization to obtain the best baseline PAB that would be used in the AORS. The objective functions—that is, the minimum total probability of injuries (∑<i>P</i>_comb) of the 5th percentile female and 50th and 95th percentile male dummies—were adopted to evaluate the optimal configurations. The injury probability (<i>P</i>_comb) for each dummy was adopted from the U.S. New Car Assessment Program (US-NCAP).</p><p><b>Results:</b> The parameters of the AORS were first optimized for different types of PAB base shapes in a frontal impact. Then, contact time duration and force between the PAB and dummy head/chest were optimized by adjusting the parameters of the PAB, such as the number and position of tethers, lower the <i>P</i>_comb of the 95th percentile male dummy.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> According to the optimization results, 4 typical PABs could provide effective protection to 5th and 50th percentile dummies. However, due to the heavy and large torsos of the 95th percentile occupants, the current occupant restraint system does not demonstrate satisfactory protective function, particularly for the thorax.</p></div

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