Sand Penetration: A Near Nose Investigation of a Sand Penetration Event

This paper presents experimental and computational results of a long-rod penetrating dry granular sand at velocities near 100 m/s. The objective of this work is to develop a fundamental understanding of the formation and transmission of dynamic force chains, and the motion and fracture of the individual sand grains as the projectile passes. This is accomplished by launching a projectile along a view window, backed by sand, in order to directly view and photograph the projectile/sand interactions. Within the sand system, a two-wave structure was observed, composed of a compaction wave (bow shock) that detaches from the dart and moves through the sand at a wave speed near 100 m/s and a damage wave, which remains near the leading edge of the dart. The compaction wave removes porosity and the damage wave fractures grains in the region near the projectile nose. Grain fracture is not observed at dart speeds below 35 m/s. In addition the axial strain to failure of individual sand grains was measured in a quasi-static configuration. These results were used in conjunction with a simple analytic force balance model to predict the depth of penetration. The analytic results compare favourably with experiments until the dart slows below 35 m/s

To your good health

"The egg is being accused unfairly in the cholesterol controversy, say Campus researchers."--Table of contents for issue

Enhancing Mobility: Integrating New Services into Your Library’s Mobile Platform to Increase Traffic

Kimbel Library launched its mobile environment and ran it in full production for several months yet usage patterns were quite low and flat. The library only saw a substantial increase in usage when new, value-added services were integrated into this platform. Upon implementing and integrating discovery services, chat and SMS capabilities, and computer availability maps into our mobile environment the library witnessed and continues to see a steady and significant increase in usage. These services, any issues encountered in their integration, and solutions to resolve these issues are identified, and usage trends and overall increases in mobile platform usage are revealed. Web vs. native app usage trends, devices used, and other metrics and statistical information will be assessed. This article will also explore possible future enhancements to our mobile services, such as geolocation and location-based services for enhancing library instruction, tutorials, library tours, and the possible development of an augmented reality environment for bridging the gap between physical and online resources and services

Art Therapy with the Orthopedically Hospitalized Child: Helping the Child Master the Stress of Hospitalization

This work presents many aspects of the use of art therapy with the orthopedic child in the medical setting. It deals specifically with the use of art therapy to promote mastery of fears, fantasies and conflicts about injury, hospitalization or surgery. Case studies are included to illustrate the use of art therapy in this capacity

Understanding The Structure-Function Relationships Between Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters And Their Cognate Ions And Ligands

The SLC6 family of secondary active transporters is made up of integral membrane solute carrier proteins characterized by the Na+-dependent translocation of small amino acid or amino acid-like substrates. SLC6 transporters, particularly the monoamine transporters (MATs) of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, are some of the most heavily studied proteins today due to their association with a number of human diseases and disorders, making MATs a critical target for therapeutic development. In addition, MATs are directly involved in the action of drugs of abuse such as cocaine, amphetamines, and ecstasy. Following the first cloning of a MAT gene in the early 1990s, much has been uncovered about the structure and function of these proteins. Early studies developed an understanding of the kinetic parameters by which MATs operate and also yielded enough information to model the basic structural characteristics of MATs. This was greatly improved upon within the last decade, as crystallographic and computational advances have provided structural insights that have vastly accelerated our ability to study these proteins and their involvement in complex biological processes. However, despite a wealth of knowledge concerning the structural and kinetic characteristics of MATs, little is understood as to how these features are interrelated and much is still unclear as to the how regulation (and maybe more importantly, dysregulation) of MATs alters the functionality of these proteins at the molecular and synaptic levels. The overall goal of this dissertation was to comprehensively examine the relationship between MAT structure and the ions and ligands that bind to MATs to promote/prevent transporter function. This was done using a comprehensive approach that included biological, electrophysiological and computational techniques to target and elucidate the roles of specific amino acid residues in ion/ligand binding and/or mediation of the substrate translocation process. In successfully examining a number of specific MAT residues, this work has lead to the deduction of basic roles for each of the ion binding sites in the translocation mechanism (chapters II and III), as well as detailed the importance of specific structural components of MATs that are vital for functionality (chapters IV and V). Furthermore, this dissertation includes work highlighting the development of several photo-labeled, radio-iodinated antagonist analogues that will be used to further improve the understanding of how inhibitors bind to and block MAT function at the molecular level (chapter VI). In total, the work outlined in this dissertation provides a clearer understanding as to the molecular interactions that are necessary for MAT function and contributes an improved appreciation for the underlying mechanisms of substrate translocation and pharmacological intervention

Small Group Skills Based Instruction and Reading Fluency: A Fourth Grade Classroom Study

Reading fluency instruction takes place in schools across the nation. Fluency assesses how many correct words a student can read per minute, while also using speed, accuracy, and expression. Many schools across the nation report low reading fluency scores. Students who struggle with reading fluency can lead to essential problems as a child grows causing behavior and social issues, along with unemployment. Students may lack confidence or improvement when they are reading stories out of their level because of poor instruction. Reading fluency issues increase from inconsistent practice, inappropriate reading passages for their levels, and lack of differentiated instruction. Educators may lack proper training in fluency causing them to teach ineffectively or neglect fluency altogether. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of small group reading instruction and reading fluency scores compared to whole group instruction. Twenty-three fourth grade students from an urban school district will be part of a research group to test whether small group instruction using learning styles benefits their fluency scores. The independent variables are small group and whole group instruction, while the dependent variable is the FAST reading fluency score. The hypothesis is that small group instruction focused on learning styles will improve fourth grade reading fluency more than whole group instruction. The results showed both whole group and small group instruction improved reading fluency scores, but small group instruction had more improvement. The hypothesis proved to be true that small group instruction using learning styles would improve reading fluency scores more than whole group instruction

Evaluation of Fresh-market Potential of Arkansas-grown Fruit: Blackberries, Peaches, Table Grapes, and Muscadine Grapes

Fresh-market produce is a major component of commercial market sales. However, shelf-life of fresh-market produce is limited, so evaluating postharvest potential (time from harvest to consumption) is critical. Fresh-market fruit can be impacted by many factors that deteriorate the quality of the fruit. Understanding the postharvest physiology of fruit can lead to better handling and storage conditions for extended shelf life and enhanced quality for the consumer. This research project was a collaborative effort within the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture between the Food Science and Horticulture Departments to evaluate the fresh-market potential of Arkansas-grown fruit. Physiochemical and marketability attributes of fresh-market blackberries, peaches/nectarines, table grapes, and muscadine grapes were evaluated at harvest and during postharvest storage. Additionally, the peaches/nectarines and muscadine grapes were evaluated by a descriptive sensory panel at harvest. Genotype played a critical role in the fresh-market fruit evaluated in this study. Storage day and storage temperature also had an impact on postharvest quality of the nine fresh-market blackberry genotypes evaluated, but harvest time had minimal impact. Blackberries stored at a lower temperature (2 °C) retained marketable attributes longer than fruit stored at 10 °C. Descriptive sensory analysis of harvest attributes of nine peach/nectarine genotypes were correlated to many physiochemical attributes. The peaches/nectarines had strong fresh-market potential after 21 d storage at 2 °C. The table grape production method (four high tunnel grown cultivars and six traditionally-grown genotypes) did not impact physiochemical attributes, but had a greater impact on marketability attributes. Grapes grown in the high tunnel had more marketable berries and longer shelf life. Descriptive sensory analysis of six muscadine grape genotypes described appearance and basic taste attributes and correlated to many physiochemical attributes. The six muscadine grape genotypes had good retention of composition and marketability attributes indicating potential for fresh-market after 21 d storage at 2 °C. The fresh-market attributes evaluated for these fruits will assist in fruit breeding efforts at the University of Arkansas, as well as provide insight into the commercial potential for growers for these advanced selections and cultivars

Walleye Fishery Ecology in Lake Oahe of the Dakotas

Walleye Sander vitreus is among the most popular sport fishes in North America and is the most sought-after fish in both South Dakota and North Dakota. Lake Oahe, a large main stem Missouri River reservoir, spans state boundaries and provides one of the most popular and productive Walleye fisheries in both Dakotas. The Walleye population of Lake Oahe has experienced wide fluctuations in abundance and size structure over the last 25 years which has caused high variability in angler use and satisfaction. Much of this variation is thought to be driven by Rainbow Smelt Osmserus mordax, which are the dominant prey for Lake Oahe Walleye and are characterized by erratic population dynamics. Rainbow Smelt in Lake Oahe are also prone to high entrainment rates during periods of high discharge. Twice during the last 25 years greater than 90% of the Rainbow Smelt population in Lake Oahe was lost due to high entrainment. I utilized long-term monitoring efforts by the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks and assisted with a 5-year tagging study to research several components of the Lake Oahe Walleye fishery. Specific research areas included recruitment, movement, natural mortality, and fishing mortality of the Walleye population. I also studied the impact of Walleye population variability on angling. Throughout my research I paid special attention to spatial variation in the Lake Oahe Walleye fishery. I demonstrated that Walleye recruitment in Lake Oahe is consistent but variable and has been regulated by density independent factors over recent decades. Analysis of tag recoveries showed that Walleye movement in Lake Oahe is related to the configuration of spawning and feeding areas and spatial structuring forms relatively isolated groups within the reservoir. I found that angler catch rates of Walleye in Lake Oahe were independent of abundance but were strongly influenced by condition with highest catch rates occurring when Walleye condition was low. I also documented spatial variation in natural and fishing mortality of Walleye following high entrainment of Rainbow Smelt during 2011. Taken together, my results add to the understanding of Walleye fishery dynamics in Lake Oahe and how those dynamics respond to highly variable climatic, hydrologic, and biotic conditions. Evidence of spatial variation in Walleye population dynamics should be particularly relevant to managers. In addition to providing guidance to management of Lake Oahe, my results are relevant to broader topics such as Walleye fishery dynamics, reservoir ecology, and spatial structuring of freshwater fish populations