Review of Estimates of the Frisch Elasticity of Labor Supply

Among the models that CBO uses to analyze the economic effects of changes in federal fiscal policy is a life-cycle growth model. That model requires an estimate of the responsiveness of the supply of labor to a one-time temporary change in after-tax compensation, which is described by the so-called Frisch elasticity. CBO incorporates into its analyses an estimate of the Frisch elasticity that ranges from 0.27 to 0.53, with a central estimate of 0.40. This paper describes how CBO derived that range from the research literature

Higher Curvature Gravity from Entanglement in Conformal Field Theories

By generalizing different recent works to the context of higher curvature gravity, we provide a unifying framework for three related results: (i) If an asymptotically AdS spacetime computes the entanglement entropies of ball-shaped regions in a CFT using a generalized Ryu-Takayanagi formula up to second order in state deformations around the vacuum, then the spacetime satisfies the correct gravitational equations of motion up to second order around AdS; (ii) The holographic dual of entanglement entropy in higher curvature theories of gravity is given by Wald entropy plus a particular correction term involving extrinsic curvatures; (iii) CFT relative entropy is dual to gravitational canonical energy (also in higher curvature theories of gravity). Especially for the second point, our novel derivation of this previously known statement does not involve the Euclidean replica trick.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure

Preparation Of Cyclohexenones From Acyclic (pentadienyl)iron(1+) Cations: Synthesis Of Carvone Metabolites And Synthetic Studies Directed Toward Dihydrotachysterols

ABSTRACT PREPARATION OF CYCLOHEXENONES FROM ACYCLIC (PENTADIENYL)IRON(1+) CATIONS: SYNTHESIS OF CARVONE METABOLITES AND SYNTHETIC STUDIES DIRECTED TOWARD DIHYDROTACHYSTEROLS Charles Felix Manful, BSc. Marquette University, 2013 Six-membered carbocycles are abundant in natural products. This structural feature is present in terpenes, secosteroids, antibiotics, and even imbedded in the polycyclic framework of complex alkaloids. A wide variety of methodologies have been utilized for the preparation of six-membered carbocycles including Robinson annulation, Diels-Alder cycloaddition, Dieckmann condensation, ring closing metathesis, photochemical carbonylation of alkenylcyclopropanes, addition of soft nucleophiles to acyclic (ç5-pentadienyl)iron cations, etc. Acyclic (ç5-pentadienyl)iron(+1) cations were first prepared about 50 years ago. The reactivity of these complexes is of continuing interest, particularly for the synthesis of conjugated polyenes and 2-cyclohexenones. These types of cationic complexes are powerful electrophiles and the site of nucleophilic attack is dependent on substituents on the pentadienyl ligand, the nature of the nucleophile, counter ion and spectator ligands on the complex. Tricarbonyl(ç5-1-methylpentadienyl)iron(+1), tricarbonyl(ç5-1-phenylpentadienyl)iron(+1), tricarbonyl(ç5-3-methylpentadienyl)iron(+1), and tricarbonyl(ç5-1,5-dimethylpentadienyl)iron(+1) cations were prepared following literature procedures. The reactivity of these substituted acyclic (pentadienyl)iron cations with malonate, nitroacetate, sulfonate and phosphonoacetate nucleophiles were examined as potential routes to synthesis of natural product possessing six-membered carbocycles. Addition of stabilized/soft carbon nucleophiles occurs preferentially at the internal positions to afford cyclohexenones via (pentenediyl)iron intermediates. Nucleophilic addition at the terminal positions affords (2,4-dienoate)iron complexes mostly as minor products. This observed regioselectivity was explained mainly on the basis of FMO vs charge control. In order to synthesize the oxygenated terpene (±)-10-Hydroxycarvone a ketoester was synthesized in five steps starting from commercially available 2,4-hexadienal. Deprotonation of the keteoester followed by DIBAL-reduction gave (±)-10-Hydroxycarvone. Alternatively, saponification of the ketoester afforded (±)-carvonic acid. Furthermore to synthesize the dihydrotachysterol A-ring fragment, a cyclohexenone was synthesized in five steps from commercially available ethyl 3-methyl-4-oxocrotonate. Luche and catalytic reductions of the cyclohexenone gave diastereomeric mixture of cyclohexanols. Protection followed by desulfonylation of the diastereomeric mixture gave a single diastereomer. á-Selenylation of this diastereomer followed by NaIO4 oxidation gave a racemic mixture dihydrotachysterol A-ring fragments

Prioritising energy efficiency measures in Maltese restaurants

The 2018 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EU) 2018/844, focuses on building energy renovation. With the increase in tourists and working opportunities in Malta, the restaurants’ sector is experiencing a business boom. Despite this sector being a major energy consumer, the energy performance of restaurants in Malta has been given little attention. This paper investigates the energy performance of four representative restaurants in Malta. Refrigeration accounted for the highest share of 40% electricity consumption, followed by kitchen exhaust ventilation, domestic hot water and space cooling, which accounted for about 50%, while lighting consumed only 6%. Energy saving potential was primarily identified for refrigeration, water heating and air-conditioning. Although, the fuel sources used for cooking equipment accounted for more than 50% of the overall energy used in these restaurants, electricity is the fuel of primary concern as on average it contributes to 70% of total carbon emissions and results in the highest operational cost. The total potential of carbon emission savings was found to be 17%, when the recommended energy efficiency measures are applied. A benchmark of 14.51 kWh primary energy per person served was established for energy-efficient restaurants. This paper provides evidence-based results that are useful for policy makers to introduce fiscal incentives to support the transition of Maltese restaurants to nearly-zero energy status.peer-reviewe

Reactivity of Acyclic (pentadienyl)iron(1+) Cations with Phosphonate Stabilized Nucleophiles: Application to the Synthesis of Oxygenated Metabolites of Carvone

The addition of phosphonate stabilized carbon nucleophiles to acyclic (pentadienyl)iron(1+) cations proceeds predominantly at an internal carbon to afford (pentenediyl)iron complexes. Those complexes bearing an electron withdrawing group at the σ-bound carbon (i.e., 13/14) are stable and isolable, while complexes which do not contain an electron withdrawing group at the σ-bound carbon undergo CO insertion, reductive elimination and conjugation of the double bond to afford cyclohexenone products (21/22). Deprotonation of the phosphonate 13/14 or 21 and reaction with paraformaldehyde affords the olefinated products. This methodology was utilized to prepare oxygenated carvone metabolites (±)-25 and (±)-26

Nonlinear Gravity from Entanglement in Conformal Field Theories

In this paper, we demonstrate the emergence of nonlinear gravitational equations directly from the physics of a broad class of conformal field theories. We consider CFT excited states defined by adding sources for scalar primary or stress tensor operators to the Euclidean path integral defining the vacuum state. For these states, we show that up to second order in the sources, the entanglement entropy for all ball-shaped regions can always be represented geometrically (via the Ryu-Takayanagi formula) by an asymptotically AdS geometry. We show that such a geometry necessarily satisfies Einstein's equations perturbatively up to second order, with a stress energy tensor arising from matter fields associated with the sourced primary operators. We make no assumptions about AdS/CFT duality, so our work serves as both a consistency check for the AdS/CFT correspondence and a direct demonstration that spacetime and gravitational physics can emerge from the description of entanglement in conformal field theories.Comment: 55 pages, 8 figure

Detector-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution

Recently, a quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme based on entanglement swapping, called measurement-device-independent QKD (mdiQKD), was proposed to bypass all detector side-channel attacks. While mdiQKD is conceptually elegant and offers a supreme level of security, the experimental complexity is challenging for practical systems. For instance, it requires interference between two widely separated independent single-photon sources, and the rates are dependent on detecting two photons - one from each source. Here we experimentally demonstrate a QKD scheme that removes the need for a two-photon system and instead uses the idea of a two-qubit single-photon (TQSP) to significantly simplify the implementation and improve the efficiency of mdiQKD in several aspects.Comment: 5 pages + 3 figure