Soil organic carbon in peninsular Spain: Influence of environmental factors and spatial distribution

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and their geographical distribution in peninsular Spain were estimated from a georeferenced database consisting of 12,724 surface samples (0–30 cm) and 3607 subsurface samples (30–50 cm), covering different climate, land use, elevation, parent material, soil type and soil pH. SOC density showed a high heterogeneity, with the lowest values in arid regions, where the average in topsoil ranged between 20 and 60 t C ha−1, under woody crops and forest respectively. Carbon stocks gradually increases as precipitation increases, and its variability is also dependent of other factors, fundamentally the presence/absence of active lime or active Al. In semi-arid zones, calcaric soils (pH ≈ 8.3) have higher contents of SOC than neutral to weakly acidic soils from siliceous materials. However, in humid regions, calcareous materials have undergo total or partial decarbonatation in the upper layer (pH < 4.0–7.5) and SOC stocks are markedly lower than in other materials. In forest soils it seems that a steady state (around 100–120 t C ha−1) (0–30 cm) has been reached in a wide range of precipitation, between 900 and 1700 mm; most of this carbon (about 80%) is labile-C. Soils from granitic rocks are acidic (pH 4.5–5.5) (Al buffering) and the mean SOC stock in the indicated precipitation range is between 170 and 200 t ha−1 (it is estimated that approximately 60% is stabilized as metal-C or mineral-C complexes). The highest values (190–240 t ha−1) are recorded in acidic soils derived from mafic rocks, which in these regions usually develop andic properties (around 73% is involved in stable metal-C or mineral C complexes). Finally, the SOC stored in neutral soils from serpentinized ultramafic rocks (without excess Ca or Al) is similar to that of the decarbonated soils derived from calcareous materials. In all regions, forest soils are a much more important SOC sink than live forest biomass (2–4 times higher in the upper 30 cm and 3–6 times greater in the upper 50 cm). Random Forest regression was used as modeling tool and digital mapping. Mean annual precipitation was estimated to be the most important predictor variable, followed by land use, lithology/soil type and soil pH. Model performance was calibrated by the internal RF validation and through cross-validation, and the results were similar. In topsoil, the mean error, root mean square error and R2 were −0.007% C, 1.48% C and 0.61, respectively. In the subsurface layer these indices were −0.020, 1.07 and 0.37, respectively. SOC stock for peninsular Spain was estimated at 3.33 Pg in the upper (0–30 cm) layer, and 0.85 Pg in the subsurface (30–50 cm) layer. Total SOC stock for 0–50 cm was 4.19 Pg, with a 95% confidence interval ranging between 3.33 and 5.03 PgThis work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (CGL2009, 13857: 2010-2014); and the Consellería de Educación-Xunta de Galicia, Spain (2014-GRC GI-124, 2014-2017)S

Efectes de la freqüència de gambada en el cost energètic de la cursa

Donada la falta d'estudis que relacionen la Fcc amb la producció de lactat i consum d'oxigen aplicats a la cursa a velocitats de desplaçament superiors a les corresponents amb el llindar anaeròbic ventilatori (VT2), es va decidir la realització del present estudi, l'objectiu del qual ha estat observar les relacions que es donen entre alguns aspectes mecànics del desplaçament cíclic (velocitat de desplaçament, freqüència i longitud de cicle), amb alguns aspectes metabòlics i cardiovasculars (lactat en sang post-esforç, Vo2 i FC), per a una velocitat de desplaçament del 90% de la VMA individual, en dones entrenades de nivell mitjà, que segueixen un entrenament reglat i sistematitzat des de fa almenys 2 anys. Els valors antropomètrics (mitjana ± SD) de la mostra són: edat 2 l -±; 4 anys; estatura: 62 ± 6 cm; pes: 50 ± 3 kg, i un Vo2m de: 64 ± 5 ml 02/kg/min. Es van realitzar tres proves sobre tapís rodant, separades entre si almenys dos dies, d'una durada de sis minuts i al 90% de la VMA. Una es va realitzar amb la freqüència de cicle (Fcc) lliurement escollida, una altra amb Fcc incrementada i la tercera amb la Fcc disminuïda. Com a conclusió, sembla evident que per a la cursa en tapís rodant al 90% de la VMA i durant 6', les petites variacions (I 0%) dels paràmetres mecànics modifiquen les necessitats de Vo2, producció de lactat i FC de cada subjecte. Per això és possible que, utilitzant aquestes variacions en l'entrenament diari, es puguin aconseguir adaptacions específiques més profundes que les obtingudes només mitjançant el treball basat en la velocitat de desplaçament

Efectos de la frecuencia de zancada en el coste energético de la carrera

Dada la falta de estudios que relacionan la Fcc con la producción de lactato y consumo de oxígeno aplicados a la carrera a velocidades de desplazamiento superiores a las correspondientes con el umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio (VT2), se decidió la realización del presente estudio, cuyo objetivo ha sido observar las relaciones que se dan entre algunos aspectos mecánicos del desplazamiento cíclico (velocidad de desplazamiento, frecuencia y longitud de ciclo), con algunos aspectos metabólicos y cardiovasculares (lactato en sangre post esfuerzo, Vo2 y FC), para una velocidad de desplazamiento del 90% de la VMA individual, en mujeres entrenadas de nivel medio, que siguen un entrenamiento reglado y sistematizado desde hace al menos 2 años. Los valores antropométricos (media ±SD) de la muestra son: edad 21 ± 4 años; estatura: 162 ± 6 cm; peso: 50 ± 3 kg, y un V02m., de: 64 ± 5 ml 02/kg/min. Se realizaron tres pruebas sobre tapiz rodante, separadas entre sí al menos dos días, de una duración de seis minutos y al 90% de la VMA. Una se realizó con la frecuencia de ciclo (Fcc) libremente escogida, otra con Fcc incrementada y la tercera con la Fcc disminuida. Como conclusión, parece evidente que para la carrera en tapiz ro-dante al 90% de la VMA y durante 6', las pequeñas variaciones (10%) de los parámetros mecánicos modifican las necesidades de Vo2, producción de lactato y FC de cada sujeto. Por ello es posible que, utilizando estas variaciones en el entrena-miento diario, se puedan conseguir adaptaciones específicas más profundas que las obtenidas tan solo mediante el trabajo basado en la velocidad de desplazamiento

Intraoperative computed tomography imaging for dose calculation in intraoperative electron radiation therapy: Initial clinical observations

In intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT) the energy of the electron beam is selected under the conventional assumption of water-equivalent tissues at the applicator end. However, the treatment field can deviate from the theoretic flat irradiation surface, thus altering dose profiles. This patient-based study explored the feasibility of acquiring intraoperative computed tomography (CT) studies for calculating three-dimensional dose distributions with two factors not included in the conventional assumption, namely the air gap from the applicator end to the irradiation surface and tissue heterogeneity. In addition, dose distributions under the conventional assumption and from preoperative CT studies (both also updated with intraoperative data) were calculated to explore whether there are other alternatives to intraoperative CT studies that can provide similar dose distributions. The IOERT protocol was modified to incorporate the acquisition of intraoperative CT studies before radiation delivery in six patients.This study was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (http://www.ciencia.gob.es) [grant number TEC2013–48251-C2 to JP, VG-V and MJL-C], co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way of making Europe” (https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/erdf); by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (http://www.ciencia.gob.es), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (https://www.isciii.es) [grant numbers DTS14/00192 to JP, VG-V and FAC; PI15/02121 to FAC and JC-H; PI18/01625 to JP], co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way of making Europe” (https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/erdf); and by Comunidad de Madrid (http://www.comunidad.madrid) [grant number TOPUS-CM S2013/MIT3024 to JP], co-funded by European Structural and Investment Fund (https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes/overview-funding-programmes_en). The CNIC is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (http://www.ciencia.gob.es) and the Pro CNIC Foundation (https://www.fundacionprocnic.es) [to MD], and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Carbono orgânico nos solos do norte de Espanha (Galiza, Astúrias, Cantabria e País Basco)

The soil organic carbon content was analyzed in more than 7 000 soil samples under different land uses, climates and lithologies from northern Spain (Galicia, Asturias, Cantábria y País Vasco). GIS maps (1:50 000) were made of the % SOC and SOC stocks. The % SOC varies according to land use (higher in forest and scrub soils and lower in agricultural soils) and climate, and there is a highly significant correlation between SOC content and mean annual precipitation. There are significant differences between the soils of Galicia/Western Asturias (GAw) and those of the rest of the study area (Central and Eastern Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco) (AceCV), although these are neighbouring regions. In forest and/or scrub soils with a udic soil moisture regime, in GAw, the SOC is usually > 7% and the average stocks 260 t ha -1 (0-30 cm), and >340 t ha-1 (0-50 cm) in soils with thick organic matter rich horizons (> 40 cm); these values greatly exceed the average contents observed in forest soils from temperate zones. Under similar conditions of vegetation and climate in soils of AceCV the SOC average is 3% and the mean stocks 90-100 t ha-1 (0-30 cm). The andic character of acid forest soils in GAw and the formation of C-Al,Fe complexes are pointed out as the SOC stabilization mechanism, in contrast to the neutral and calcareous soils that predominate in AceCV, where the main species of OC are easily biodegradable.Se analiza el contenido de carbono orgánico (CO) en más de 7.000 muestras de suelos del norte de España (Galicia, Asturias, Cantábria y País Vasco) bajo diferentes tipos de ocupación, condiciones climáticas y litología, y se elaboran mapas SIG (1:50 000) del porcentaje y stock de carbono en los suelos. El porcentaje de CO varía de acuerdo al uso del suelo (mayor en suelos forestales y con matorral, y menor en suelos de cultivo) y al clima, reconociéndose una correlación altamente significativa entre el porcentaje de CO y la precipitación media anual. En cualquier caso, aún tratándose de regiones próximas, se establecen diferencias importantes entre los suelos de Galicia-oeste de Asturias (G/Ao ) y los del resto del área de estudio (Asturias central y oriental, Cantabria y País Vasco) (AceCV). En suelos forestales y/o con matorral y régimen de humedad údico, en G/Ao , el porcentaje de CO es habitualmente > 7% y el stock medio 260 tC ha-1 (0-30 cm) y puede ser > 340 tC ha-1 (0-50 cm), teniendo en cuenta la abundancia de suelos con rasgos cumúlicos y horizontes humíferos con > 40 cm de espesor; los valores obtenidos superan ampliamente los contenidos medios señalados por diferentes autores para suelos forestales de áreas templadas. En similares condiciones de vegetación y clima, el contenido medio de CO en suelos de (AceCV) es de 3% y el stock medio 90-100 tC ha-1 (0-30 cm). El carácter ándico de los suelos forestales ácidos de G/Ao, y la formación de complejos C-Al,Fe se señala como mecanismo de estabilización del CO, en contraste con los suelos neutros y calcáreos que predominan en AceCV, en los que la especie principal es el CO fácilmente biodegradable.Analisou-se o teor de carbono orgânico en mais de 7.000 amostras de solo do norte de Espanha (Galiza, Astúrias, Cantábria e País Basco), sob diferentes usos, condições climáticas e litologias, e procedeu-se ao mapeamento SIG (1:50 000) da percentagem e stock de carbono nos solos. A percentagem de CO varia de acordo com o uso do solo (maior em solos de floresta e mata e menor em solos agrícolas) e condições climáticas, observando-se uma correlação altamente significativa entre a percentagem de CO e a precipitação média anual. Em qualquer caso, mesmo para regiões vizinhas, registam-se diferenças significativas entre os solos da Galiza-oeste e das Astúrias (G/Ao) e o resto da área em estudo (Astúrias central e oriental, Cantabria e País Basco) (AceCV). Em solos de floresta e/ou de mata e regime de humidade údico, em G/Ao, a percentagem de CO é geralmente > 7% e o stock médio 260 t C ha-1(0-30 cm), e > 340 t C ha-1 (0-50 cm) em solos com espessos horizontes ricos em matéria orgânica (> 40 cm); estes valores excedem largamente os teores médios observados em solos florestais de zonas temperadas. Em condições semelhantes de vegetação e clima, em solos de AceCV, o teor médio de CO é de 3% e o stock médio de 90-100 t C ha-1 (0-30 cm). O carácter andico dos solos florestais ácidos da Galiza, e a formação do complexos C-Al,Fe são apontados como o mecanismo de estabilização do CO, em contraste com os solos neutros e calcários prevalecentes em AceCV, onde a espécie predominante é o CO facilmente biodegradável.This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, National Plan I+D, through project CGL2009-13857S

Estudio de la viabilidad de la integración de un Sistema de Posicionamiento Óptico en el entorno de la radioterapia intraoperatoria

Actas de: XXIX Congreso Anual de la Sociedad Espñaola de Ingeniería Biomédica (CASEIB 2011). Cáceres, 16-18 Noviembre 2011.La radioterapia intraoperatoria (RIO) es una técnica que combina cirugía y radioterapia, que se aplica en pacientes con tumores para los que se ha indicado su resección y con alto riesgo recidivante. El oncólogo radioterapeuta planifica esta intervención sobre una imagen TAC del paciente. Sin embargo, los datos del escenario real encontrado en la sala de tratamiento (posición y orientación del aplicador respecto del paciente y energía del haz) se deben recoger de forma manual para actualizar la planificación. Esta información es muy valiosa para la documentación y posterior seguimiento del procedimiento realizado. En este trabajo se evalúa la viabilidad de la integración de un sistema de posicionamiento óptico en el entorno RIO, y su precisión para localizar el aplicador sobre la imagen de planificación.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Minsiterio de Ciencia e Innovación (PI09/90568 IPT-3000000-2010-3, TEC2010-21619-C04-01), la Comunidad de Madrid (ARTEMIS S2009/DPI-1802) y fondos FEDER.Publicad

Lesiones musculoesqueléticas relacionadas con el trabajo. Metodología para la evaluación de riesgos

El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue el diseño empírico de una metodología de evaluación del riesgo de lesión a nivel de las extremidades superiores, planteada fundamentalmente para la prevención de lesiones musculoesqueléticas relacionadas con el trabajo de sencilla aplicación práctica y que valorara de manera conjunta los factores de riesgo fundamentales para el desarrollo de trastornos músculo-esqueléticos relacionados con el trabajo en las extremidades superiores (fuerza, postura y repetición), analizando de manera individualizada muñeca, codo y hombro. Este desarrollo implicó, además, el estudio de fuerzas máximas de la población laboral, el análisis de movimientos y la utilización de un sistema centinela para comparar los resultados obtenidos.Asimismo, la metodología planteada en este trabajo es coherente con uno de los sistemas más utilizados actualmente en España para la evaluación de riesgos relacionados con la seguridad (la NTP-330 Sistema simplificado de evaluación de riesgos de accidente del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo ), lo que pretende facilitar la interpretación de los resultados y posibilita la unificación de criterios de evaluación en las diferentes disciplinas preventivas contempladas en el R.D. 39/973 (Seguridad, Higiene y Ergonomía y Psicosociología Aplicada).<br /

ESTRO IORT Task Force/ACROP recommendations for intraoperative radiation therapy in borderline-resected pancreatic cancer

Radiation therapy (RT) is a valuable component of multimodal treatment for localized pancreatic cancer. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is a very precise RT modality to intensify the irradiation effect for cancer involving upper abdominal structures and organs, generally delivered with electrons (IOERT). Unresectable, borderline and resectable disease categories benefit from dose-escalated chemoradiation strategies in the context of active systemic therapy and potential radical surgery. Prolonged preoperative treatment may act as a filter for selecting patients with occult resistant metastatic disease. Encouraging survival rates have been documented in patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation followed by radical surgery and IOERT (>20 months median survival, >35% survival at 3 years). Intensive preoperative treatment, including induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation and an IOERT boost, appears to prolong long-term survival within the subset of patients who remain relapse-free for>2 years (>30 months median survival; >40% survival at 3 years). Improvement of local control through higher RT doses has an impact on the survival of patients with a lower tendency towards disease spread. IOERT is a well-accepted approach in the clinical scenario (maturity and reproducibility of results), and extremely accurate in terms of dose-deposition characteristics and normal tissue sparing. The technique can be adapted to systemic therapy and surgical progress. International guidelines (National Comprehensive Cancer Network or NCCN guidelines) currently recommend use of IOERT in cases of close surgical margins and residual disease. We hereby report the ESTRO/ACROP recommendations for performing IOERT in borderline-resectable pancreatic cancer

Intraoperative radiotherapy in the multidisciplinary treatment of bone sarcomas in children and adolescents

From September 1984 to December 1989, 38 patients of pediatric age with localized bone sarcomas received intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) as part of a multidisciplinary treatment program. The age ranged from 6 to 21 years. The tumor histologies were 22 osteosarcomas and 16 Ewing's sarcomas. Thirty-four had initial primary disease (90%) and 4 were treated for local recurrence (10%). IORT was used on 32 untreated patients and in 6 previously treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBR). The IORT field included the surgically exposed tumor bed area. Single radiation doses ranging from 10 to 20 Gy were delivered, using 6-20 MeV electron beams. The median follow-up time for the entire group is 25 months (2-65+ months). The projected 5-year disease-free and overall survival rates are 65% and 69%, respectively. One patient developed a local recurrence in each histological group: one chondroblastic osteosarcoma and one cervical Ewing's sarcoma. Six patients died from metastatic progression: 3 initially recurrent tumors and three primary disease cases. Severe neuropathy and soft tissue necrosis were seen in some patients as IORT related complications. IORT is a feasible technique to be integrated in multidisciplinary programs that may promote local control in pediatric and adolescent patients with bone sarcomas. Peripheral nerves are dose-limiting tissue structures for IORT

An innovative tool for intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy simulation and planning: description and initial evaluation by radiation oncologists

The lack of specific treatment planning tools limits the spread of Intraoperative Electron Radiation Therapy. An innovative simulation and planning tool is presented. Applicator positioning, isodose curves, and doseevolume histograms can be estimated for previously segmented regions to treat/protect. Evaluation by three radiation oncologists on 15 patients showed high parameter agreement in nine cases, demonstrating the possibilities in cases involving different anatomical locations, and identifying the importance of specialized surgical input in the preplanning process.Supported by grants PI08/90473, IPT 300000 2010 3, ARTEMIS S2009/DPI 1802(CAM), TEC2010 21619 C04 01, PI09/90568, ERD Funds.Publicad