Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Community Response in Daro Lebu & Mieso District, West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region National State, Ethiopia.

Rain-fed agriculture, which is the backbone of most Ethiopian economies, is seriously under threat due to climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of climate change on agricultural production in Mieso and Daro Lebu districts of West Hararghe zone. A total of Six (6) kebele, three from each district were used for this purpose. The study used Focus Group Discussion to collect data from group of farmers through miltidispilinary group of researcher organized from Mechara Agricultural Research Center. The result of the study revealed that Daro Lebu district was potential in crop production such as maize, sorghum, teff, finger millet, ground nut, sesame, hair coat bean, sweet potato, hot pepper, mango, banana, coffee and chat while Mieso district was potential in livestock production. The study also indicted that due to climate change induced factors the productivity of agriculture was reduced from time to time. The findings revealed that majority of the communities in the study area response to the effect of climate change through practicing planting drought tolerant and early maturing crop variety, shifting from maize production to sorghum and groundnut production, participating on non-farming activities, adjusting  cropping time ( from April to June), shifting from cattle raring to shoat and camel production, reducing livestock flock, migration to search feed & water and migration to other area and serve as daily laborer. The research finding also recommended that, provision of drought tolerant improved crop variety and animal breed, create awareness on sustainable means of response to adverse effect of climate change and providing training on climate smart agricultural production methods will be used us option to minimize its effect on community livelihood option of the study areas. Keywords: Agricultural production, response to climate change, climate change, Focus Group discussion, drought tolerant technology

The Process of Democratization in Africa: The Case of Post Apartheid South African Democracy

According to written sources, division among the races in South Africa can be traced back to the Dutch East Indian Company which colonized the area in the 17the century. The ethnic isolation increased during the years eventually resulting in apartheid rule beginning in the 1940’s. After the end of apartheid era, the post-apartheid government has largely been successful in ensuring that the citizens enjoyed freedom of speech, a just, free society   and a transparent political system. This has been secured by the democratic constitution and the various acts and policies that were passes during post apartheid in the parliament of South Africa. Since 1994 with the end of apartheid system in South Africa different arrangements were happened. Among arrangements taken, implement various policies and acts aimed at ensuring that all citizens irrespective of race and colour as they enjoy with their rights in a unified, non-racist, non sexist in South Africa.  The main aim of this paper is mainly examines the end of apartheid era and the birth of democracy in South Africa. As everyone know Africa continent is a place in which the leaders can do whatever they want. They do not follow the rule of law. Relatively, since 1994 these things were changed into democracy in South Africa. The paper is present to assess how could this democratic transition happened in South Africa. The paper has two parts. Part I provides survey of the post apartheid South African democracy and the apartheid era. Part II discusses the end of apartheid government and the birth of democracy in South Africa. Keywords: Apartheid, Racist, Birth, Afrikaners, Khoi-Khoi, San, Act, Mixe

On Farm Demonstration of Improved Varieties of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Gemechis, Chiro and Tullo Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State of Ethiopia

In west hararghe Zone there was no improved technology of faba bean done on farmer’s field and no high yield variety and drought resistant variety demonstrated to reach farmers widely in future.The experiment was carried out in Gemechis,Chiro and Tulo districts of West Harerghe Zone with the objectives of enhancing production and productivity of faba bean on farmers` fields, and to improve linkage among stakeholders and create awareness on improved faba bean varieties. Three kebeles were selected purposively based on faba bean production potential. Accordingly, Walenso Defo kebele from Gemechis, Arbarakate from Chiro District and Terkanfata kebele from Tulo district were selected. Seven farmers and one Farmers Training Center were participated depending on their interest to the technology, managing the experiment, have appropriate land for the experiment and taking the risk of experiment. Two improved varieties namely Hachalu and Tumsa with local variety were demonstrated and evaluated. The experiment was demonstrated on 100m2 demonstration plots.   Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through observation, group discussion on field day and data recording sheet. Descriptive statistics like mean and tabulation were used to analyse the crop performance concerning yield of the experiment harvested from demonstration plot. Improved varieties along with local variety were also analysed through independent t-statistics. While qualitative data were analysed trough simple ranking and summarization. Partial budget analysis was also used to analyse the economic benefit gained from the experiment. The result of the study indicated that Hachalu was ranked first in terms of yield, seed color and disease resistance. As it was discussed from partial budget analysis Hachalu variety has more economic advantage than both Tumsa and local variety. Therefore, Hachalu variety was recommended for further popularization and scaling up in study area and similar agro ecology. Keywords: Faba Bean, Demonstration, Varieties, Yield advantag

Exploring Experiences of First Year Students at Ambo University: Implication for Success

The purpose of this study was to explore, understand and describe first year students experience about student support services at Ambo University by using qualitative research method. Data were collected through in-depth interview and focus group discussion from twenty five purposively selected information rich participants’ ranging in diversity. The data were analyzed thematically by using verbatim quotes. The findings of the study revealed that adjustment difficulties, homesickness and loneliness, struggle to meet the demands of academic issues, exams, assignments, and financial inadequacy as a major concern of first year students’. The analysis revealed that the service rendered for first year students were unsatisfactory. Library, Dormitory, Cafeteria, Health and Academic development and learning support services were found to be inadequate to provide the students optimal learning opportunities.  Finally, the finding indicated that introducing guidance and counseling, strengthening academic support system, involving actively all university staff in providing the necessary guidance and help, using senior students as mentor, providing various supports and loan facilities, widening health service programs and matching intake capacity with available places are, thus, found to be the dimensions identified as points that need interventions

Participatory Promotion of Improved Chickpea Varieties in Habro and Oda Bultum Districts of West Hararghe Zone

This activity was conducted during the 2013 main cropping season at Habro and Oda Bultum districts of West Hararghe Zone to evaluate the performance of improved chickpea variety on farmer’s field and strengthen stakeholder’s linkage in the study area. A total of seventy (70) farmers from both district were participated for the activity. Three improved variety of chickpea (Minjar, Natoli and Habru) were evaluated with local checked to create awareness for farmers. 0.125 of land were used for each variety on each farmer’s field. The result of the study showed that Minjar variety performed well than other improved varieties and local check in terms of yield from the same area on farmer’s field. In addition, farmers also prefer Minjar variety in terms of its seed quality, seed size, early maturity and disease resistance over other improved varieties and local check. So, concerning body should scale up further for similar agro ecology to improve chickpea production and productivity of farming community.      DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-17-06 Publication date:September 30th 202

Assessments of Household Coping Strategies toward Food Insecurity in Hawi Gudina District, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

This study was aimed to assess households` coping strategies toward food insecurity in Hawi Gudina District of West Hararghe zone.  A multi- stage random sampling technique was employed to select sample households randomly from six Kebele Administrations of the district by using Probability Proportional to Size. Both primary and secondary data were used. The required data set for the study were collected from 140 households through interview schedule. Household calorie acquisition was analyzed to measure the status of household food security. Out of 140 households 32.9% and 67.1% were food secure and insecure, respectively. Coping strategies practiced by households in the study area were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The result of the study revealed that, reducing size of meals (86.4%), sale of cattle (80%), borrow grain/cash from relative (74.3%), work as daily laborer (60.7%) and sell of firewood and charcoal (58.6%) were the top five strategies that were practiced by sampled households during food insecurity situation. The study recommends the need to assist farming households regarding the negative impact of applied strategies on their future asset and natural resource aspect of study area through awareness creation and provision of other option which are suitable to the environments of the study area. Keywords: Coping strategies, Household, Calorie intake, Food insecurity, Hawi Gudina distric

The Reactions of Limmu Oromo of Western Ethiopia During and After the Italian Occupation (1936-41)

In this paper, it has been attempted to highlight the features of the five years administration system and the continuity and changes that took place during the Italy administration in the area. During the Italian Occupation, Limmu was the administrative center of the Italians for the Oromo of Western Anger River. Surprisingly, Limmu Oromo during the Italian occupation (1936-41) fought both the Italians and the naftañä settlers. According to genuine sources, during Italian Occupation (1936-1941) the naftañä-gabär system was removed in the study area. Accordingly, the most important event of this period was that the Limmu Oromo were librated from the naftañä rule by their leader, Fitawurari Duguma Jaldeso. Relatively speaking, according to many written materials and oral sources, the Italian administration was better than the former administration system in Limmu. The Italian Occupation was a land mark in the history of the gabärs in the surrounding region in general and that of Limmu in particular. Soon after they stationed at Ayana (the capital of Gidda-Kiramu Woreda), the Italian military station for the areas between the Abay and Angar, Italians successfully abolished the gabär system in the area. But, in the post-Italian Occupation period, the pre- 1936 situation was restored without much change in Limmu from 1941 continued till 1974. These and other related situations were well assessed in this pape

Overview the History of Coffee Trading System in southwest Ethiopia (Jimma) since 1950s

This article is meant to reconstruct the history of coffee trading system in   Jimma since 1950s”. The main objective of the paper is also to reveal the coffee trading system in Jimma since 1950s to the present coffee trading rule image. It is to know how the system positively or negatively affects the producers and traders with comparing the previous coffee trading rule, the present legal and practical problems that need to be solved and the positive will promoted. Coffee is the most important commodity to the Ethiopian economy. The life’s of many Ethiopian farmers are directly or indirectly depends on coffee production and marketing system. Moreover, about more than 60% of the Ethiopian foreign earnings is come from this commodity. In return, realizing the unique role of the coffee in the socio- economic life of the country, Ethiopia has put in the place of legal system that to governs the industry since early 1950s.  South west Ethiopia in general and Jimma in particularly is endowed with environment suitable for producing high quality for coffee beans and convenient for coffee trade. By the beginning of the 20thce, the Jimma area was started to benefit greatly from coffee production for export. This  paper is present to assess coffee trading system in Jimma from 1950s (After the establishment of National Coffee Board of Ethiopia) up to 2008, a new law “The coffee Quality Control and Marketing Proclamation” (The new model Ethiopia Commodity Exchange). In addition in this paper the history of coffee trade chain between different actors and the present coffee trade system were discussed in detail. Keywords: Collector (sebsabies), Dried pulp coffee (jenf), Red cherry (Key eshet), Suppliers (Akrabies), Auctio

The Determinants of Customer Satisfaction: The Case of Dashen Bank and Wegagen Bank, Hawassa Branch

The focus on customer satisfaction in banking industry is becoming extremely prevalent as it is being employed to keep existing customers from switching to other banks and to sell them more services, and to attract customers from non-banking community and competitors. The objective of the study is to investigate the determinants of customer satisfaction and to examine the effects of service quality, IT-based service options, developing stronger relationship with customers, and corporate image on customer satisfaction. Primary data was collected from 200 respondents that were selected from customers of Dashen and Wegagen Bank, Hawassa branch. The respondents were selected from saving account holders, current account holders, and ATMs card holders of two banks through quota sampling techniques. In addition, relevant ideas were collected from secondary sources for comparison of professional and accurate business transaction with services of banks. To determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables Pearson chi square test was applied. To compare Dashen and Wegagen banks in terms of service delivery two-sample mean comparison test was used. In addition, to determine the relative importance of variables the econometrics model known as logistic regression model was used. The results of the study reveals that having employees who give customers personal attention, having customers’ best interest at heart, owning employees who understand customers specific needs, creating stable relationship customers, and possessing excellent quality of management, are the variables that are statistically significant and have influence on customer satisfaction. Keywords: customer satisfaction, service quality, IT-based service, corporate image DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/92-04 Publication date: January 31st 202

The Reactions of Limmu Oromo of Western Ethiopia During and After the Italian Occupation (1936-41)

In this paper, it has been attempted to highlight the features of the five years administration system and the continuity and changes that took place during the Italy administration in the area. During the Italian Occupation, Limmu was the administrative center of the Italians for the Oromo of Western Anger River. Surprisingly, Limmu Oromo during the Italian occupation (1936-41) fought both the Italians and the naftañä settlers. According to genuine sources, during Italian Occupation (1936-1941) the naftañä-gabär system was removed in the study area. Accordingly, the most important event of this period was that the Limmu Oromo were librated from the naftañä rule by their leader, Fitawurari Duguma Jaldeso. Relatively speaking, according to many written materials and oral sources, the Italian administration was better than the former administration system in Limmu. The Italian Occupation was a land mark in the history of the gabärs in the surrounding region in general and that of Limmu in particular. Soon after they stationed at Ayana (the capital of Gidda-Kiramu Woreda), the Italian military station for the areas between the Abay and Angar, Italians successfully abolished the gabär system in the area. But, in the post-Italian Occupation period, the pre- 1936 situation was restored without much change in Limmu from 1941 continued till 1974. These and other related situations were well assessed in this pape