Financing Muhammadiyah: The Early Economic Endeavours of a Muslim Modernist Mass Organization in Indonesia (1920s-1960s)

Throughout its history, Indonesia’s largest Islamic reformist organization, the Muhammadiyah, has relied on funding based on the gift economy. Using the organization’s archived financial reports from the 1920s to the 1960s–a source that had yet to be exploited–this study  shows how the Muhammadiyah used  different shares of resources (donations, member fees, subsidies, etc.) to finance its organization. In the pre-War period, the Muhammadiyah Central Board became noticeably reliant on colonial subsidies. The reformist organization attempted to emancipate itself from this dependency and develop its own productive sector (businesses, cooperatives, banking, etc.), which  raised various ethical questions  as this socio-religious institution decides to operate lucrative  economic endeavours. Finally, this article argues that the case of Muhammadiyah clearly shows how Indonesian Islam was, quite early on, well-informed of the ethical debates surrounding the idea of ‘Islamic economics’ long before its recent emergence as an economic initiative in the Muslim communities.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.87

Ultimate strength properties of fiber-reinforced composites

International audienceThe volume effect and stress heterogeneity effect (i.e., the effect of loading type) on the ultimate strength are analyzed for fiber-reinforced composites. The main failure mechanisms are assumed to be fiber breakage and fiber pull-out. Depending on the load redistribution around a broken fiber, two different regimes can be obtained. The results are applied to the prediction of ultimate strengths of SiC fiber-reinforced composites subjected to tension, pure flexure and three-point flexure

At the Sources of Indonesian Political Islam's Failure: The Split between the Nahdlatul Ulama and the Masyumi in Retrospect

This article intentionally emphasizes the analysis of the political context, while touching only slightly on sociological considerations. The fact that the sociological difrerences could be overcome, since the two currents once succeeded in uniting into Masyumi. Moreover, this article wanted to show common notions of basic disagreements, such as the oft-noted conflict where reformists frequently despise traditionalists' penchant for Sufism, for the supernatural and for the irrational, which they consider to be everywhere the "cause" of general backwardness of Muslim countries in terms of technology (kemunduran), while the latter tend to criticize reformists for their puritan behavior and for their great hostility to local tradition. Traditionalists also commonly blame reformists for their "dryness" (kekeringan), while the latter feel proud of being closer to a "pure" Middle-Eastern model. We have also tried to put aside considerations of class differences, traditionalists being generally closer to lower rural classes, modernists being more numerous in urban middle-clases. The purpose was to deal with the political context and the discourse on both sides to try and determine why political union failed despite the repeatedly heralded desire of unity.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i2.72

On the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced composites

International audienc

Effendy Bahtiar, Islam and the State in Indonesia

Bahtiar Effendy est, depuis ces dernières années, un spécialiste demandé de l'islam indonésien, invité des universités américaines où son discours a été le plus souvent rassurant après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, puis ceux de Bali un an plus tard. Élève du professeur William Liddle à Ohio State University, Bahtiar fait partie de la deuxième génération d'étudiants des universités islamiques (IAIN) qui a fait le passage vers la science politique grâce à des bourses américaines. Son livr..

Effendy Bahtiar, Islam and the State in Indonesia

Bahtiar Effendy est, depuis ces dernières années, un spécialiste demandé de l'islam indonésien, invité des universités américaines où son discours a été le plus souvent rassurant après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, puis ceux de Bali un an plus tard. Élève du professeur William Liddle à Ohio State University, Bahtiar fait partie de la deuxième génération d'étudiants des universités islamiques (IAIN) qui a fait le passage vers la science politique grâce à des bourses américaines. Son livr..

Pre-election Visit to East Java’s Ulama

Andree Feillard toured Java last March to give lectures in four cities for the launching of her book on the Nahdlatul Ulama, Indonesia's largest traditionalist Muslim organization. She also visited several ulama, politicians, and student groups in East Java. She gives here a short account of her journey in the troubled province where 254 people were mysteriously murdered from September to November 1998. At the time of her trip, interreligious and interethnic violence was high in Ambon

The role of matrix cracks and fibre/matrix debonding on the stress transfer between fibre and matrix in a single fibre fragmentation test

The single fibre fragmentation test is commonly used to characterise the fibre/matrix interface. During fragmentation, the stored energy is released resulting in matrix cracking and/or fibre/matrix debonding. Axisymmetric finite element models were formulated to study the impact of matrix cracks and fibre/matrix debonding on the effective stress transfer efficiency (EST) and stress transfer length (STL). At high strains, plastic deformation in the matrix dominated the stress transfer mechanism. The combination of matrix cracking and plasticity reduced the EST and increased STL. For experimental validation, three resins were formulated and the fragmentation of an unsized and uncoupled E-glass fibre examined as a function of matrix properties. Fibre failure was always accompanied by matrix cracking and debonding. With the stiff resin, debonding, transverse matrix cracking and conical crack initiation were observed. With a lower modulus and lower yield strength resin the transverse matrix crack length decreased while that of the conical crack increased. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Michael Feener and Anne Blackburn, Buddhist and Islamic Orders in Southern Asia. Comparative Perspectives. Honolulu : University of Hawai’i Press, 2019, x-220 p. ISBN : 9780824872113. (Electronic version freely available.)

Avec ce volume, M. Feener et A. Blackburn réunissent de manière inédite des chercheurs spécialistes du bouddhisme et de l’islam pour faire apparaître les lignes de force de la circulation et de la localisation des traditions religieuses en Asie méridionale, du XVIe au XXe siècle. Le cadre géographique de l’Asie méridionale, lui-même inhabituel – à l’exception de l’approche englobante des civilisations de l’Asie des moussons de Paul Mus et de celle braudélienne de la Méditerranée asiatique de ..