Morphogenesis of residential development units of Krasnoyarsk : density, form, function

When growing, the urban layout of modern Siberian cities is undergoing morphological transformations and, thus, there are new morphotypes of residential development. In the same way, Krasnoyarsk can boast by its residential complexes of different settings and purposes. By analyzing the life of city-planning structure, one can identify several morphological periods for Krasnoyarsk's residential development: land exploration for a large-scale residential project; assimilation of new territories in the 20th century; current renovation and integrated re-development under the federal development programs. The article briefly describes the patterns of residential housing layouts in the city the spatial character of which has been basically influenced by the landscape, and streets and roads networks. Evaluation of the morphometric indicators of development density and settings in Krasnoyarsk yielded certain regularities in their structures. The analysis relies on two parameters: land size to development area ratio (under-buildings area to a residential development unit area), and development density, i.e. building floor surface to residential development area ratio. The research also examines the process of functional enriching the residential units by small and middle-size businesses ("functional flows"), and their spatial capacity for it. The study reveals that inherent urban units have specific functional, administrative, and social characteristics, reflected in the morphotopes layouts. General findings explain trends for brand-new alternatives in the residential development of Krasnoyarsk

Assessing the possibility of creating “smart cities” in Khabarovsk Territory and its economic consequences

Current article deals with the problem of territorial development in terms of innovative approaches associated with the integration of the “smart city|” project management systems. The analysis of the basic approaches to the formation of the “smart city” definition has been conducted; the basic tasks assigned to this system from the point of view of the applied process of administration of the basic social and economic processes proceeding in the system of municipal formation have been estimated. The analysis of the main problems of the “smart city” project implementation, typical for any territorial unit regardless of the impact of internal and external environment factors of the innovative project realization has been carried out. The possibility of implementing the “Smart City Khabarovsk” project in terms of the innovative project’s “risk map” was assessed. The analysis of the results of the project for the economy of the municipality, based on the potential specifics of the “smart city” system, its impact on the organization of economic relations, the impact on financial transactions in the Khabarovsk Territory and the city of Khabarovsk, and on the socio-economic activity of the population of the region

Development of Krasnoyarsk planning structure

The planning structure of Krasnoyarsk was formed under the influence of various urban planning ideas and concepts. The current trends in the development of the city are analyzed based on the changed types of the economy and ideas about the urban environment. Open data bases make it possible to analyze the structure of the development, the distribution of employment objects, services, and the processes of their transformation. In the structure of Krasnoyarsk, the authors point out the sequence of the development of the urban landscape, morphotypes of the residential areas, fringe belts, and the typology of the lower tier of buildings

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Humanistic Idea of a Micro-District in the XX Century

The article presents a retrospective view on the development of a micro-district social-planning conception in the XX century. Comprehension of humanistic ideas of Soviet society about residential environment at different stages of development is given a special focus. Rate of science branches development influencing residential environment formation has been growing since the middle of the XX century. Combination of ethic, scientific, political and legal discussions about urbanization influence on the environment, scientific achievements in philosophy, sociology, ecology as well as modern populations informative and intellectual awareness growth result in search for a micro-district improvement adapt to modern conditions of an individuals existence in urbanization environment. Russian and foreign scholars have come to the conclusion that a persons modern habitat must develop within the limits of a deep interdisciplinary approach with the purpose of its persistent perfection. Philosophic understanding of a micro-district as a residential place determines social importance of future micro-districts design and existing micro-districts reconstruction. The article provides theoretical grounds for the tendencies of residential environment transformation by the beginning of the XXI century.Статья посвящена ретроспективному рассмотрению развития социально-планировочной концепции «микрорайон» в ХХ веке. Основное внимание уделено осмыслению гуманистических представлений советского общества о жилой среде на разных этапах развития. Начиная с середины ХХ столетия нарастают темпы развития научных дисциплин, оказывающих влияние на формирование жилой среды. Сочетание этических, научных, политических и правовых дискуссий о влиянии урбанизации на окружающую среду, научные достижения в области философии, социологии, экологии, а также информатизация, интеллектуализация современного населения приводят к поиску концепций усовершенствования микрорайона, адаптированного к современным условиям существования человека в урбанизированной среде. В ряде отечественных и зарубежных исследований сделан вывод о том, что современная среда обитания человека должна развиваться в рамках глубокого «междисциплинарного» подхода с целью ее непрерывного совершенствования. Философское понимание микрорайона, как места жизненного пространства повышает социальную значимость проектирования будущих и реконструкции сложившихся микрорайонов. В статье дается теоретическое обоснование тенденций трансформации жилой среды к началу ХХI века

Humanistic Idea of a Micro-District in the XX Century

The article presents a retrospective view on the development of a micro-district social-planning conception in the XX century. Comprehension of humanistic ideas of Soviet society about residential environment at different stages of development is given a special focus. Rate of science branches development influencing residential environment formation has been growing since the middle of the XX century. Combination of ethic, scientific, political and legal discussions about urbanization influence on the environment, scientific achievements in philosophy, sociology, ecology as well as modern populations informative and intellectual awareness growth result in search for a micro-district improvement adapt to modern conditions of an individuals existence in urbanization environment. Russian and foreign scholars have come to the conclusion that a persons modern habitat must develop within the limits of a deep interdisciplinary approach with the purpose of its persistent perfection. Philosophic understanding of a micro-district as a residential place determines social importance of future micro-districts design and existing micro-districts reconstruction. The article provides theoretical grounds for the tendencies of residential environment transformation by the beginning of the XXI century.Статья посвящена ретроспективному рассмотрению развития социально-планировочной концепции «микрорайон» в ХХ веке. Основное внимание уделено осмыслению гуманистических представлений советского общества о жилой среде на разных этапах развития. Начиная с середины ХХ столетия нарастают темпы развития научных дисциплин, оказывающих влияние на формирование жилой среды. Сочетание этических, научных, политических и правовых дискуссий о влиянии урбанизации на окружающую среду, научные достижения в области философии, социологии, экологии, а также информатизация, интеллектуализация современного населения приводят к поиску концепций усовершенствования микрорайона, адаптированного к современным условиям существования человека в урбанизированной среде. В ряде отечественных и зарубежных исследований сделан вывод о том, что современная среда обитания человека должна развиваться в рамках глубокого «междисциплинарного» подхода с целью ее непрерывного совершенствования. Философское понимание микрорайона, как места жизненного пространства повышает социальную значимость проектирования будущих и реконструкции сложившихся микрорайонов. В статье дается теоретическое обоснование тенденций трансформации жилой среды к началу ХХI века

Assessing the possibility of creating “smart cities” in Khabarovsk Territory and its economic consequences

Current article deals with the problem of territorial development in terms of innovative approaches associated with the integration of the “smart city|” project management systems. The analysis of the basic approaches to the formation of the “smart city” definition has been conducted; the basic tasks assigned to this system from the point of view of the applied process of administration of the basic social and economic processes proceeding in the system of municipal formation have been estimated. The analysis of the main problems of the “smart city” project implementation, typical for any territorial unit regardless of the impact of internal and external environment factors of the innovative project realization has been carried out. The possibility of implementing the “Smart City Khabarovsk” project in terms of the innovative project’s “risk map” was assessed. The analysis of the results of the project for the economy of the municipality, based on the potential specifics of the “smart city” system, its impact on the organization of economic relations, the impact on financial transactions in the Khabarovsk Territory and the city of Khabarovsk, and on the socio-economic activity of the population of the region

Differences in spatial versus temporal reaction norms for spring and autumn phenological events

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the environmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenuate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species' response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction norms tend to accentuate responses in spring (cogradient variation) and attenuate them in autumn (countergradient variation). As a result, among-population variation in the timing of events is greater in spring and less in autumn than if all populations followed the same reaction norm regardless of location. Despite such signs of local adaptation, overall phenotypic plasticity was not sufficient for phenological events to keep exact pace with their cues-the earlier the year, the more did the timing of the phenological event lag behind the timing of the cue. Overall, these patterns suggest that differences in the spatial versus temporal reaction norms will affect species' response to climate change in opposite ways in spring and autumn