50 research outputs found
Carbon budget of tidal wetlands, estuaries, and shelf waters of eastern North America
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 32 (2018): 389-416, doi:10.1002/2017GB005790.Carbon cycling in the coastal zone affects global carbon budgets and is critical for understanding the urgent issues of hypoxia, acidification, and tidal wetland loss. However, there are no regional carbon budgets spanning the three main ecosystems in coastal waters: tidal wetlands, estuaries, and shelf waters. Here we construct such a budget for eastern North America using historical data, empirical models, remote sensing algorithms, and process‐based models. Considering the net fluxes of total carbon at the domain boundaries, 59 ± 12% (± 2 standard errors) of the carbon entering is from rivers and 41 ± 12% is from the atmosphere, while 80 ± 9% of the carbon leaving is exported to the open ocean and 20 ± 9% is buried. Net lateral carbon transfers between the three main ecosystem types are comparable to fluxes at the domain boundaries. Each ecosystem type contributes substantially to exchange with the atmosphere, with CO2 uptake split evenly between tidal wetlands and shelf waters, and estuarine CO2 outgassing offsetting half of the uptake. Similarly, burial is about equal in tidal wetlands and shelf waters, while estuaries play a smaller but still substantial role. The importance of tidal wetlands and estuaries in the overall budget is remarkable given that they, respectively, make up only 2.4 and 8.9% of the study domain area. This study shows that coastal carbon budgets should explicitly include tidal wetlands, estuaries, shelf waters, and the linkages between them; ignoring any of them may produce a biased picture of coastal carbon cycling.NASA Interdisciplinary Science program Grant Number: NNX14AF93G;
NASA Carbon Cycle Science Program Grant Number: NNX14AM37G;
NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program Grant Number: NNX11AD47G;
National Science Foundation's Chemical Oceanography Program Grant Number: OCE‐12605742018-10-0
Characterization of Two Malaria Parasite Organelle Translation Elongation Factor G Proteins: The Likely Targets of the Anti-Malarial Fusidic Acid
Malaria parasites harbour two organelles with bacteria-like metabolic processes that are the targets of many anti-bacterial drugs. One such drug is fusidic acid, which inhibits the translation component elongation factor G. The response of P. falciparum to fusidic acid was characterised using extended SYBR-Green based drug trials. This revealed that fusidic acid kills in vitro cultured P. falciparum parasites by immediately blocking parasite development. Two bacterial-type protein translation elongation factor G genes are identified as likely targets of fusidic acid. Sequence analysis suggests that these proteins function in the mitochondria and apicoplast and both should be sensitive to fusidic acid. Microscopic examination of protein-reporter fusions confirm the prediction that one elongation factor G is a component of parasite mitochondria whereas the second is a component of the relict plastid or apicoplast. The presence of two putative targets for a single inhibitory compound emphasizes the potential of elongation factor G as a drug target in malaria
Identifying racialized knowledge through a critical race studies lens: theory and principles for the criminology textbook realm
From the State to the Shareholder: Rent and the Production of Shareholder Value in Real Estate
Following the 2008 global financial crisis, the use of real estate tax credits
to generate shareholder value for investors increased significantly. While tax credits are
lauded as crucial to the delivery of social goods like affordable housing, the multiplier
effects they supposedly generate fail to account for the hollowing out of the state that
occurs as public funds are transferred to shareholders. Through a detailed case study of
the historic tax credit industry in the United States, this research shows how many of
the banks and financial institutions investing in tax credits have come to rely on overly
engineered forms of landownership, deeply discounted credit pricing, and a wave of
stock buybacks to boost their corporate profitability. This paper therefore develops a
theoretical framework to understand taxation as a financialised accumulation strategy
where the state serves as an important—if not problematic—source of real estate profit.
</div