1,162 research outputs found
A Bite of the Big Apple: The Anthropology of Pesticide Use in New York City
Pesticide exposure in the developing world is well described in anthropology. How pesticide use and exposure is ordered and experienced socially, economically and culturally in Western urban communities is less well studied. The long-term consequences of synergistic pesticide exposure is not easily measurable, which this research addresses through social inquiry
Estimating the burden of malaria in Senegal : Bayesian zero-inflated binomial geostatistical modeling of the MIS 2008 data
The Research Center for Human Development in Dakar (CRDH) with the technical assistance of ICF Macro and the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) conducted in 2008/2009 the Senegal Malaria Indicator Survey (SMIS), the first nationally representative household survey collecting parasitological data and malaria-related indicators. In this paper, we present spatially explicit parasitaemia risk estimates and number of infected children below 5 years. Geostatistical Zero-Inflated Binomial models (ZIB) were developed to take into account the large number of zero-prevalence survey locations (70%) in the data. Bayesian variable selection methods were incorporated within a geostatistical framework in order to choose the best set of environmental and climatic covariates associated with the parasitaemia risk. Model validation confirmed that the ZIB model had a better predictive ability than the standard Binomial analogue. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were used for inference. Several insecticide treated nets (ITN) coverage indicators were calculated to assess the effectiveness of interventions. After adjusting for climatic and socio-economic factors, the presence of at least one ITN per every two household members and living in urban areas reduced the odds of parasitaemia by 86% and 81% respectively. Posterior estimates of the ORs related to the wealth index show a decreasing trend with the quintiles. Infection odds appear to be increasing with age. The population-adjusted prevalence ranges from 0.12% in Thille-Boubacar to 13.1% in Dabo. Tambacounda has the highest population-adjusted predicted prevalence (8.08%) whereas the region with the highest estimated number of infected children under the age of 5 years is Kolda (13940). The contemporary map and estimates of malaria burden identify the priority areas for future control interventions and provide baseline information for monitoring and evaluation. Zero-Inflated formulations are more appropriate in modeling sparse geostatistical survey data, expected to arise more frequently as malaria research is focused on eliminatio
Le zonage ou la spatialisation des fonctions de la réserve de biosphÚre du Ferlo (Nord-Sénégal)
Afin de combiner efficacement conservation, utilisation durable des ressources et production du savoir, la rĂ©serve de biosphĂšre doit nĂ©cessairement bĂ©nĂ©ficier dâune stratification, dâun zonage intĂ©grĂ© et dâune gestion coopĂ©rative. La mĂ©thode de zonage est basĂ©e sur une caractĂ©risation des ressources vĂ©gĂ©tales, suivie de la spatialisation des enjeux et du zonage de la rĂ©serve de biosphĂšre. Pour ĂȘtre partagĂ© avec les populations locales, le zonage de la rĂ©serve de biosphĂšre du Ferlo (RBF) a procĂ©dĂ© par des rĂ©unions dâinformation et de sensibilisation, des observations sur le terrain, des enquĂȘtes et une collecte de donnĂ©es biophysiques. LâĂ©tude des paramĂštres structuraux de la vĂ©gĂ©tation a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que lâaire centrale de la RBF prĂ©sente une densitĂ© dâarbres et un potentiel de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration plus Ă©levĂ©s. Lâanalyse du spectre dâabondance a montrĂ© que Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel est lâespĂšce la plus abondante dans la rĂ©serve. Lâindice de diversitĂ© a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que la zone tampon et lâaire de transition qui font lâobjet de multiples usages et qui subissent lâaction de lâhomme, prĂ©sentent une diversitĂ© plus grande et un niveau dâorganisation du peuplement ligneux plus Ă©levĂ© que lâaire centrale qui est une zone de conservation intĂ©grale. Le traitement des images satellitales et la photointerprĂ©tation ont permis dâĂ©laborer une carte dâoccupation des sols et une carte globale du zonage. Ce zonage participatif a Ă©tabli une spatialisation des fonctions de la rĂ©serve de biosphĂšre sans pour autant les superposer.Mots clĂ©s: RĂ©serve de biosphĂšre, carte dâoccupation, zonage, conservation, biodiversitĂ©, utilisation du rĂąble
Aménagements hydro-agricoles et santé (vallée du fleuve Sénégal)
PrÚs de 1 500 personnes résidant dans les villages rattachés au périmÚtre irrigué MO 6bis (périmÚtre de Diomandou, département de Podor) ont fait l'objet de prélÚvements d'urine et/ou de selle afin de déterminer la prévalence de la bilharziose urinaire, de la bilharziose intestinale ainsi que des autres parasitoses entériques. Chez les riverains du périmÚtre, 1 295 urines ont été examinées, parmi lesquelles sept contenaient des oeufs viables de #Schistosoma haematobium, ce qui correspond à un indice d'infestation de 0,1%. Il s'agissait là aussi d'un individu dont la contamination avait eu lieu en dehors de la zone d'étude. #Eschirichia coli, #Strongyloïdes stercoralis, #Ascaris lumbricoïdes et #Trichiuris trichiura$ sont rares et ne concernent qu'un peu moins de 2% des sujets examinés. Ces résultats démontrent l'absence, pour l'instant tout au moins, de foyers de transmission des bilharzioses dans les villages du périmÚtre de Diomandou. Le risque d'apparition de ces maladies est cependant important et dépend à la fois de l'évolution des infrastructures et de l'éventuelle apparition d'hÎtes intermédiaires encore absent du réseau hydrographique de ce périmÚtre mis en place récemment. (Résumé d'auteur
Protecting participant privacy while maintaining content and context: Challenges in qualitative data Deâidentification and sharing
The Library Assessment for Research and Scholarship Lab investigates qualitative research support across disciplines. In 2018â2019, the lab conducted 29 interviews with faculty, librarians, and doctoral students who engaged in qualitative research to understand their needs during the research lifecycle. At the conclusion of this project, the qualitative data will be deposited in a repository where it can be made available for future secondary use. The deposited data will include deâidentified versions of the complete interview transcripts. This poster supplements existing deâidentification standards, details drafting and revising protocol for deâidentification of our data, and discusses the deâidentification process we used for the qualitative data. Existing deâidentification literature and standards are limited and not widely uniform in qualitative research. In developing deâidentification protocol, our lab recognized several potential challenges in the process and created procedures to ensure future data usability. There is inherent tension between keeping privacy intact and sharing undistorted qualitative data. We aim to address some of the hazards with deâidentification best practices, demonstrating methodology for producing high quality deâidentified qualitative data. In offering up a test case with suggested methods to better protect participantsâ identities, this work will lend itself to sustainable qualitative data sharing and reuse.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163391/2/pra2415_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163391/1/pra2415.pd
The commodity systems of four indigenous leafy vegetables in Senegal
Increasing the production of traditional leafy vegetables that are well adapted to the agro-ecology of Senegal, easy to grow and requiring low inputs, could greatly help to solve the poverty and malnutrition problems in Senegal. However, leafy vegetables are often overlooked by the scientific community. The species of leafy vegetables dealt with in this paper are roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), amaranths (Amaranthus L. spp.) and Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam). To increase production of traditional leafy vegetables, access to good quality seeds is necessary. Two plantcollecting missions were undertaken throughout Senegal by a multidisciplinary research team. Experimentation on Hibiscus regeneration and characterisation was conducted at ISRA-CDH research station. Sixty-four accessions were collected among the four species. Forty-eight accessions of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) were characterised. The level of dissimilarity (63%) within the accessions of roselle confirmed the high degree of intra-species variability. The Richness Index determined for the Diaobe and Matam markets indicated a high degree of genetic diversity of roselle. These are used to select three new lines according to farmersâ preference criteria.In addition, socio-economic surveys were conducted in two pilot villages. It was found that planting dates for leafy vegetables varied greatly, depending on species, locality and season. Sowing was mainly done broadcast. Organic fertilisers were commonly applied. Eighty per cent (80%) of the farmers applied an NPK formulation and small quantities of urea. Traditional irrigation methods are often used in the growing of traditional leafy vegetables. The seeds used by farmers were a mixture of varieties. Farmers identified four types of each of roselle, amaranth and cowpea, but could not differentiate any variety for Moringa. Local markets constitute the main roselle seed supply source. Few farmers have developed traditional methods of seed conservation. Selling of seed is not a common activity in rural areas. Generally, farmers exchange gratuitously theirs seeds. Leaves are commonly sold at the field, in the village, in the nearest city and weekly at local markets called âLoumaâ. Average annual income generated by leaves varies from 41 to 500 USD. Leafy vegetables are used as food and for medicinal purposes. Leafy vegetable consumption in Senegal is around 23 g/person·d.Keywords: leafy vegetables, production, species, seed and genetic diversit
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